{"leps/leps":[{"id":"monarch","name":"Monarch","scientific":"Danaus plexippus","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Monarch_butterfly","adultId":"A large orange butterfly with black borders, black veins, and distinctive WHITE SPOTS on the black wing margins and forewing tips. Its black body has white spots. Slow, floating flight with wings often held in a shallow V glide.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaId":"A striking striped caterpillar with thin BLACK, YELLOW, and WHITE bands wrapping the body. Two pairs of long, black FILAMENTS (not spines) near the head and tail. Up to 2 inches long. Feeds openly on milkweed.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9],"eggId":"A tiny, ridged, pointed IVORY-WHITE egg laid singly on the underside of milkweed leaves. Pointed shape like a tiny turban or barrel with vertical ridges.","hosts":["Green Milkweed (Asclepias viridis)","Antelopehorn Milkweed (Asclepias asperula)","Butterfly Weed (Asclepias tuberosa)","Aquatic Milkweed (Asclepias perennis)","Tropical Milkweed (Asclepias curassavica), non-native"],"nectar":"Fall-blooming flowers: Frostweed (Verbesina virginica), Goldenrod (Solidago altissima), Blue Mistflower (Conoclinium coelestinum), Gayfeather (Liatris), Maximilian Sunflower (Helianthus maximiliani), Ironweed (Vernonia).","predators":"Birds, wasps, spiders, assassin bugs, ants, lacewing larvae, stink bugs, and parasitoid flies/wasps (especially tachinid flies). Its milkweed toxins deter most vertebrate predators.","status":"declining","facts":["Its Texas spring generation flies north from Mexico and lays eggs on Texas milkweed in March–April.","Its caterpillars store toxic cardenolides from milkweeds, making them and the adults poisonous to birds.","Its migratory populations have declined steeply, and in December 2024 the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service proposed listing it as Threatened.","Its fall migration through Texas relies on fall nectar plants like Frostweed (Verbesina virginica) and Goldenrod (Solidago altissima)."],"factRefs":{"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Monarch butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch_butterfly"}]},"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","regional":{"EDW":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,5,9,10]},"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[4,5,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,8,9,10,11]},"STX":{"adultMonths":[3,4,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,10,11,12]},"ROLL":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,9,10],"larvaMonths":[4,5,9,10]},"HIGH":{"adultMonths":[4,5,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[7,8,9,10,11]},"TRANS":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,8,9,10,11]}},"atRisk":{"status":"Proposed for federal listing as threatened (December 2024); a final decision is due by June 2030","threats":"The eastern migration has shrunk by more than 80% since the 1990s, and the western one by more than 95% since the 1980s. Prairie and weedy field edges across the Midwest became herbicide-sprayed corn and soybean monocultures, wiping out much of the milkweed its caterpillars need. Its winter forests in Mexico have been logged and degraded, and insecticides, extreme weather and climate change add to the losses. In the South, non-native tropical milkweed can keep monarchs breeding through winter and spread a harmful parasite.","quiz":[{"q":"What wiped out much of the milkweed Monarchs need across the Midwest?","a":"Prairie and field edges became herbicide-sprayed corn and soybean monocultures","wrong":["Deer and rabbits grazed the milkweed to the ground","Gardeners planted too much native milkweed","Cold winters killed the milkweed roots"],"why":"Milkweed once grew all through Midwest prairies and crop fields. Plowing up prairie and spraying herbicide-tolerant corn and soybeans removed most of it from the heart of the Monarch's summer breeding range."},{"q":"What threatens the forests where eastern Monarchs spend the winter?","a":"Logging and degradation of the high fir forests in central Mexico","wrong":["Wildfires in the Florida Everglades","Rising seas flooding the Texas barrier islands","Too much rain in the Amazon rainforest"],"why":"Almost all eastern Monarchs cluster in a few oyamel fir forests in Mexico's mountains. Logging thins the canopy that shelters them from cold and storms."},{"q":"How can planting non-native tropical milkweed on the Gulf Coast harm Monarchs?","a":"It stays green in winter, so they keep breeding and build up a harmful parasite","wrong":["Its sap is too weak to make caterpillars poisonous","Its flowers have no nectar for adults","It crowds out the Frostweed they need in spring"],"why":"Native milkweeds die back in winter. Evergreen tropical milkweed lets Monarchs keep breeding instead of migrating, and the parasite OE (Ophryocystis elektroscirrha) builds up on the plants. Plant native milkweeds, or cut tropical milkweed back in fall and winter."}]},"refs":[{"label":"Monarch Joint Venture: Endangered Species Act status","url":"https://monarchjointventure.org/monarch-biology/status/esa"},{"label":"U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service: Monarch butterfly","url":"https://www.fws.gov/initiative/pollinators/monarchs"},{"label":"Monarch Joint Venture: Tropical milkweed","url":"https://monarchjointventure.org/images/uploads/documents/Tropical_Milkweed_Fact_Sheet.pdf"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"imageUrl":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/158023996/medium.jpeg","adultImageUrl":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/158023996/medium.jpeg","photoCredit":"Sam Kieschnick (CC BY), via iNaturalist"},{"id":"gulf-fritillary","name":"Gulf Fritillary","scientific":"Agraulis vanillae","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Gulf_fritillary","adultId":"A medium-large, elongated orange butterfly with LONG, NARROW wings. Its upper side is bright orange with black spots and lines; its underside is SILVER-SPOTTED. Brilliant metallic-silver patches flash in flight. Rapid, darting flight.","adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaId":"A DARK ORANGE-RED caterpillar with GRAY-BLACK longitudinal stripes and many branching BLACK SPINES covering its body. Its head is orange. Feeds openly on passionflower vines.","larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8,9,10],"eggId":"A tiny, yellow, TURBAN-SHAPED egg laid singly on passionflower leaves, stems, or tendrils. Its sculpted, ribbed shape looks like a tiny pumpkin.","hosts":["Purple Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata)","Yellow Passionflower (Passiflora lutea)"],"nectar":"Long-tubed flowers including Lantana, Porterweed, Turk's Cap (Malvaviscus arboreus), Zinnias, and Mistflower.","predators":"Birds, wasps, spiders, assassin bugs, lizards, and parasitoid flies/wasps. Its passionvine toxins and spines give it moderate protection; some birds learn to avoid it.","status":"common","facts":["Its metallic silver wing undersides flash like mirrors in sunlight.","Its host plants are passionflowers (Passiflora spp.).","Its caterpillar is the bright orange, spined one you see all over {place} passionflower vines.","It is one of the most abundant butterflies in {place} gardens, and it cannot survive hard freezes, re-colonizing each spring."],"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","regional":{"EDW":{"adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]},"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]},"STX":{"adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[5,7,8,9,10,11]},"ROLL":{"adultMonths":[6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8,9,10,11]},"HIGH":{"adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8,9,10,12]},"TRANS":{"adultMonths":[5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10]}},"range":"ALL -23a"},{"id":"zebra-longwing","name":"Zebra Longwing","scientific":"Heliconius charithonia","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Zebra_longwing","adultId":"A distinctive, elongated pale-yellow (not orange) butterfly with LONG NARROW wings crossed by bold BLACK STRIPES. Its flight is slow, feeble, and fluttery. Often in deep shade. Adults roost together at night in groups of up to 60.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaId":"A WHITE caterpillar with many black spots and long black spines along its body. It feeds on passionflower, biting off or laying silk over the leaves' defensive hairs.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"eggId":"A tiny yellow, elongated egg laid on the tender growing tips of passionflower.","hosts":["Purple Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata)","Yellow Passionflower (Passiflora lutea)"],"nectar":"Its extra-long tongue lets it feed on deep flowers: Lantana, Porterweed, and especially Purple Passionflower pollen, which it digests for nutrition.","predators":"Birds, spiders, wasps, and parasitoid wasps. Its passionflower toxins and communal roosts help deter predators.","status":"uncommon","facts":["It roosts communally in groups of dozens each night. A rare butterfly behavior.","Its pale-yellow and black striped wings look nothing like orange heliconians.","It eats POLLEN (not just nectar), which is very rare among butterflies."],"range":"COAST STX -ROLL -HIGH -TRANS","factRefs":{"1":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Heliconius charithonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliconius_charithonia"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Heliconius charithonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliconius_charithonia"}]},"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Heliconius charithonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliconius_charithonia"}],"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","regional":{"EDW":{"adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10]},"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[6,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10]},"STX":{"adultMonths":[9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10]}}},{"id":"giant-swallowtail","name":"Giant Swallowtail","scientific":"Papilio cresphontes","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Giant_swallowtail","adultId":"{place}'s LARGEST butterfly (up to 6-inch wingspan): a dark brown-black butterfly with a striking diagonal YELLOW BAND across both wings and a yellow 'filled-in' tail edge. Its 'tail' on each hindwing is pronounced. It flies powerfully and high.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaId":"Called the 'ORANGE DOG': a large caterpillar that is a remarkable BIRD-DROPPING MIMIC. Brown and white with a blotched pattern. When threatened it everts a red-orange, foul-smelling OSmeterium (horn) from behind its head.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9],"eggId":"A large, smooth, pale-orange sphere laid singly on the UPperside of citrus and rue leaves. Its size (larger than most butterfly eggs) reflects the giant adult.","hosts":["Hercules' Club (Zanthoxylum clava-herculis)","Wafer Ash (Ptelea trifoliata)","Citrus (Citrus spp.), garden","Rue (Ruta graveolens), garden herb","Trifoliate Orange (Citrus trifoliata), invasive","Colima (Zanthoxylum fagara)"],"nectar":"Large tubular flowers: azaleas, milkweeds, Lantana, butterfly bush, and native thistles.","predators":"Birds, spiders, assassin bugs, wasps, and parasitoid flies and wasps. Its bird-dropping camouflage and osmeterium are its main defenses.","status":"common","facts":["It is the largest butterfly in North America.","Its caterpillar is a bird-dropping mimic called the 'orange dog' on citrus.","It defends itself with a red, scaly, foul-smelling horn (osmeterium).","Its native host plants include Hercules Club (Zanthoxylum clava-herculis) and Wafer Ash (Ptelea trifoliata).","In 2014 its western form was split off as the Western Giant Swallowtail (Papilio rumiko); the two meet in Central Texas."],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Papilio cresphontes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilio_cresphontes"}],"4":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"},{"label":"Wikipedia: Papilio rumiko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilio_rumiko"}]},"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","regional":{"EDW":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,10,11,12]},"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]},"ROLL":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9]}},"range":"ALL -STX -HIGH -TRANS","refs":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}]},{"id":"eastern-tiger-swallowtail","name":"Eastern Tiger Swallowtail","scientific":"Papilio glaucus","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Eastern_tiger_swallowtail","adultId":"A large, bright YELLOW butterfly with FOUR BLACK 'TIGER STRIPES' crossing each forewing, black wing borders with yellow spots, and BLUE-orange spots near the long 'tails.' Females can be DARK-FORM (all black with blue spots), a confusing variation.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaId":"When young, a BIRD-DROPPING MIMIC (brown and white); when mature, a GREEN caterpillar with a YELLOW EYESPOT ring and a swelling behind its head. It also everts an orange osmeterium.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9],"eggId":"A single, small, smooth GREEN sphere laid on the upperside of leaves of many host trees. Its green color camouflages it on leaf surfaces.","hosts":["Black Cherry (Prunus serotina)","Sweetbay Magnolia (Magnolia virginiana)","Tulip Poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera)","Green Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica)","Black Willow (Salix nigra)","Eastern Cottonwood (Populus deltoides)","American Hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana)","Wafer Ash (Ptelea trifoliata)","Sassafras (Sassafras albidum)","Chickasaw Plum (Prunus angustifolia)"],"nectar":"Azaleas, milkweeds, thistles, Lantana, and Joe Pye Weed. It especially favors pink and purple tubular flowers.","predators":"Birds (especially when young), spiders, wasps, assassin bugs, and parasitoid wasps and flies. Its bird-dropping mimicry as a young larva and eyespots as a mature larva protect it.","status":"common","facts":["Females can be all-black (dark form): a common point of confusion in the field.","Its young caterpillar mimics bird droppings; the mature one is green with yellow eyespots.","Its native host trees include tulip poplar and black cherry, so it is a butterfly of woods and edges."],"factRefs":{"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Papilio glaucus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilio_glaucus"}]},"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","regional":{"EDW":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,9,10]},"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]},"ROLL":{"adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9]}},"range":"ALL -STX -HIGH -TRANS","refs":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}]},{"id":"black-swallowtail","name":"Black Swallowtail","scientific":"Papilio polyxenes","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Papilio_polyxenes","adultId":"A black swallowtail with a distinctive row of YELLOW SPOTS along both wing margins (a broken band) and a prominent BLUE-orange EYESPOT band between the yellow rows. Its tails are short. Its upper forewing has a vertical yellow streak, unlike the tiger swallowtail's stripes.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaId":"A large GREEN caterpillar with a distinct BLACK BAND across each body segment and YELLOW DOTS along the band. When young it mimics bird droppings; when mature it is green with black bands and yellow spots. Everts an orange osmeterium.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9],"eggId":"A small, pale-YELLOW sphere laid singly on the leaves of its host plants (carrot family, citrus family). Its yellow color matches the flowers and leaves.","hosts":["Texas Prairie Parsley (Polytaenia texana), native","Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)","Dill (Anethum graveolens)","Parsley (Petroselinum crispum)","Carrot (Daucus carota)","Rue (Ruta graveolens)","Dutchman's Breeches (Thamnosma texana)"],"nectar":"Milkweeds, thistles, clovers, phlox, and Lantana. It especially likes FLAT-TOPPED flower clusters where it can perch.","predators":"Birds, spiders, wasps, assassin bugs, and parasitoid flies (especially tachinid flies) and parasitoid wasps. Its mimicking of the toxic pipevine swallowtail is its main defense.","status":"common","facts":["Its caterpillar is a common garden visitor on dill, fennel, and parsley.","It mimics the toxic Pipevine Swallowtail, gaining protection by resemblance.","Its caterpillar everts a smelly orange horn (osmeterium) in self-defense.","It has several generations a year, so its caterpillars turn up from spring through fall."],"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","regional":{"EDW":{"adultMonths":[2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,10]},"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10]},"STX":{"adultMonths":[2,3,4,5,6,7,9,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[2,3,4,5,6,7,11]},"ROLL":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[5,6,7,9,10]},"HIGH":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8,9,10]},"TRANS":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]}},"refs":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}]},{"id":"pipevine-swallowtail","name":"Pipevine Swallowtail","scientific":"Battus philenor","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Battus_philenor","adultId":"A black butterfly with a stunning, glowing BLUE-IRIDESCENT hindwing upper side and a single row of large ROUND ORANGE SPOTS on the underside of its hindwing. The blue flash in flight is distinctive. Its forewongs are black with faint white spots.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaId":"A striking, velvety BLACK caterpillar with fleshy, ORANGE-RED soft spines in rows along its body. Its bright colors warn predators that it is toxic from its pipevine host. Often feeds in groups.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8],"eggId":"A small, round, ORANGE-BROWN egg laid in CLUSTERS on pipevine (Aristolochia) leaves or stems. Its color makes it visible against the green host.","hosts":["Woolly Dutchman's Pipe (Aristolochia tomentosa)","Texas Dutchman's Pipe (Aristolochia reticulata)","Virginia Snakeroot (Aristolochia serpentaria)"],"nectar":"Tubular flowers: native thistles, milkweeds, Lantana, phlox, and viper's bugloss.","predators":"Birds and other vertebrates largely AVOID it because its pipevine toxins make it poisonous. Spiders, assassin bugs, wasps, and parasitoids still attack it.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its pipevine (Aristolochia) host plants are toxic, and the caterpillar stores those toxins.","The blue flash of its hindwings is one of {place}'s most beautiful butterfly sights.","Other butterflies (like the black and spicebush swallowtails and the red-spotted purple) mimic its toxic look.","It lays its distinctive orange eggs in clusters on native pipevine leaves."],"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","regional":{"EDW":{"adultMonths":[2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]},"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10]},"STX":{"adultMonths":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,9,10,11]},"ROLL":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,9,10]},"HIGH":{"adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8]},"TRANS":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,9,10,11]}}},{"id":"spicebush-swallowtail","name":"Spicebush Swallowtail","scientific":"Papilio troilus","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Papilio_troilus","adultId":"A dark (black-brown) swallowtail whose hindwing underside has a bold PALE GREEN-BLUE band of scales and TWO rows of orange spots. Its forewing has two rows of small pale spots. Its overall look is 'mimicry of the pipevine swallowtail'. A dark, toxic-looking butterfly.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaId":"A GREEN caterpillar with a large FALSE EYESPOT (yellow ring, black pupil) on its swollen thorax and smaller real dots along its sides. It lives in a FOLDED LEAF shelter. It silk-folds a spicebush or sassafras leaf into a tube and feeds inside.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9],"eggId":"A small, pale-GREEN sphere laid singly on the UNDERSIDE of spicebush or sassafras leaves, often near the leaf tip.","hosts":["Spicebush (Lindera benzoin)","Sassafras (Sassafras albidum)","Redbay (Persea borbonia)","Sweetbay Magnolia (Magnolia virginiana)"],"nectar":"Tubular flowers: native honeysuckles, milkweeds, thistles, Lantana, Joe Pye Weed, and jewelweed.","predators":"Birds and spiders, but its leaf-tube shelter, eyespots, and pipevine-mimic coloration are its defenses. Parasitoid wasps and flies also attack it.","status":"common","facts":["Its caterpillar folds a leaf into a tube shelter and hides inside during the day.","Its caterpillar has dramatic false eyespots on a swollen thorax, mimicking a snake.","It mimics the toxic Pipevine Swallowtail's dark coloration.","Its main native host in {place} is Spicebush (Lindera benzoin) and Redbay (Persea borbonia)."],"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","range":"ALL -34b -CROSS -STX -ROLL -HIGH -TRANS","regional":{"EDW":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9]}},"refs":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}]},{"id":"cabbage-white","name":"Cabbage White","scientific":"Pieris rapae","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Pieris_rapae","adultId":"A small, plain WHITE butterfly (the 'cabbage butterfly') with BLACK WING TIPS on its forewings and (on the forewing upperside of males) ONE black spot; females have TWO black spots. Its underside is pale yellow-white with faint gray scaling. Weak, erratic flight near greens.","adultMonths":[2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaId":"A velvety GREEN caterpillar with faint yellow stripes and tiny black dots, feeding INSIDE the folds of cabbage-family leaves. It is the classic 'cabbage worm' garden pest.","larvaMonths":[2,3,4,5,6,9,10,11],"eggId":"A tiny, pale-yellow, RIBBED, elongated egg laid singly on the undersides of leaves. Its pointed, turban shape resembles a tiny bowling pin.","hosts":["Virginia Pepperweed (Lepidium virginicum), native","Kale (Brassica oleracea)","Broccoli (Brassica oleracea)","Radish (Raphanus sativus)"],"nectar":"Many flat-topped flowers: clovers, mustards, dandelions, asters. It is a generalist garden visitor.","predators":"Birds, spiders, wasps, assassin bugs, lacewing larvae, and parasitoid wasps (like Cotesia glomerata, used for biological control).","status":"common","facts":["It is an INTRODUCED species, brought to Quebec in the 1860s from Europe.","It is the classic 'cabbage worm' pest on broccoli and kale in {place} gardens.","Its caterpillar's parasitoid wasp (Cotesia) is used as an organic biological control.","Its black wing-tips and 1–2 black spots distinguish it from similar white butterflies."],"range":"CENTRAL HIGH BLACK POST TRANS -33b -EDW -STX -ROLL -24b -26c -23a","regional":{"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,9,10,11]},"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6]},"HIGH":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[2,3,4,5,6,9,10,11]},"TRANS":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[2,3,4,5,6,9,10,11]}},"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","refs":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}]},{"id":"orange-sulphur","name":"Orange Sulphur","scientific":"Colias eurytheme","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Colias_eurytheme","adultImageUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/McGeorge_Colias_eurytheme.JPG/960px-McGeorge_Colias_eurytheme.JPG","adultId":"A medium butterfly that is bright ORANGE-YELLOW above with a DARK BROWN border and a dark spot on each wing. Its underside is PINK-EDGED with a silver spot rimmed in orange-red, and two white 'eyes' near the hindwing edge. In flight, it looks like a flying orange-yellow flash.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaId":"A green caterpillar with a WHITE STRIPE along each side, striped with fine white and dark lines down its back. It feeds on clover and legumes. Its green body hides it well on its host.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9],"eggId":"A tiny, pale-WHITE, spindle-shaped egg laid singly on the leaves of legumes (clover, alfalfa).","hosts":["White Clover (Trifolium repens)","Bur Clover (Medicago polymorpha)","Wild Indigo (Baptisia spp.)","Ground Plum (Astragalus crassicarpus)","Partridge Pea (Chamaecrista fasciculata)"],"nectar":"Flat-topped and tubular flowers: clover, dandelions, milkweeds, asters, Lantana.","predators":"Birds, spiders, wasps, assassin bugs, and parasitoid wasps/flies. Its fast, erratic flight and camouflage underside help it escape.","status":"common","facts":["It is one of the most common {place} butterflies in open, sunny fields.","Its caterpillar feeds on clover and other legumes.","Its fast, erratic flight makes it hard for birds to catch.","Its spring and fall generations look different. Spring forms are paler, fall forms more orange."],"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","regional":{"EDW":{"adultMonths":[1,2,3,4,5,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9]},"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[2,3,4,5,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9]},"STX":{"adultMonths":[1,2,3,4,5,9,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9]},"ROLL":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9]},"HIGH":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9]},"TRANS":{"adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9]}},"range":"ALL -23a","refs":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}]},{"id":"cloudless-sulphur","name":"Cloudless Sulphur","scientific":"Phoebis sennae","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Phoebis_sennae","adultId":"A LARGE, all-PALE-LEMON-YELLOW butterfly with NO dark markings on its wings above (males are unmarked; females may show faint dark borders). It has a pointed forewing and is a powerful, fast flier. It is famous for huge FALL MIGRATIONS through {place}, when hundreds stream south.","adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaId":"A GREEN caterpillar with a bold YELLOW STRIPE along each side and BLUE dots, feeding on sennas (Senna). Its skin has a faint granular texture and it rests along leaf midribs.","larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8,9],"eggId":"A tiny, pale-cream, SPINDLE-shaped egg laid singly on the tender leaves of senna (Senna).","hosts":["Coffee Senna (Senna occidentalis)","Sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia)","Partridge Pea (Chamaecrista fasciculata)","Twoleaf Senna (Senna roemeriana)"],"nectar":"Red tubular flowers: Lantana, morning glory, Turk's Cap (Malvaviscus), hibiscus, and geiger tree.","predators":"Birds, spiders, wasps, and parasitoid flies and wasps. Its fast, high flight and huge migratory numbers are its main survival strategies.","status":"common","facts":["It is one of the largest sulphurs; males are plain lemon-yellow above with no black markings.","Its host plants are sennas (Senna), including the candlestick plant of {place} gardens.","It migrates through Texas in huge numbers each fall, streaming south toward Mexico.","Its pointed forewings give it a jet-like silhouette in flight."],"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","regional":{"EDW":{"adultMonths":[7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[4,5,7,8,9,10,12]},"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10]},"STX":{"adultMonths":[9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8,9]},"ROLL":{"adultMonths":[8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8,9]},"HIGH":{"adultMonths":[6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8,9]},"TRANS":{"adultMonths":[7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8,9]}},"range":"ALL -24f -26c -23a","refs":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}]},{"id":"sleepy-orange","name":"Sleepy Orange","scientific":"Abaeis nicippe","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Abaeis_nicippe","adultId":"A small-to-medium butterfly, bright orange above with wide, irregular black borders. A tiny black mark on the forewing upperside looks like a closed, 'sleepy' eye, which gives it its name. Its underside is orange-yellow with brownish patches.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaId":"A GREEN caterpillar with a dark dorsal stripe and white 'droplets,' feeding on senna and other legumes. Like other sulphur caterpillars, it aligns itself along leaf midribs.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9],"eggId":"A small, pale spindle-shaped egg laid singly on senna leaves.","hosts":["Coffee Senna (Senna occidentalis)","Sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia)","Partridge Pea (Chamaecrista fasciculata)","Twoleaf Senna (Senna roemeriana)","Lindheimer's Senna (Senna lindheimeriana)"],"nectar":"Small tubular flowers: Lantana, frogfruit (Phyla nodiflora), clovers, asters.","predators":"Birds, spiders, wasps, assassin bugs, and parasitoids.","status":"common","facts":["Its 'sleepy' name comes from a small black mark on the forewing that looks like a closed eye.","It is a common {place} garden visitor on senna (candlestick plant).","It can be confused with the orange sulphur but is more uniformly orange with a distinctive silhouette.","It is a fast, darting flier like other sulphurs."],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Eurema nicippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurema_nicippe"}]},"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","regional":{"EDW":{"adultMonths":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,10,12]},"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9]},"STX":{"adultMonths":[1,2,3,4,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9]},"ROLL":{"adultMonths":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9]},"HIGH":{"adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9]},"TRANS":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9]}},"refs":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}]},{"id":"common-buckeye","name":"Common Buckeye","scientific":"Junonia coenia","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Junonia_coenia","adultId":"A distinctive brown butterfly with bold, colorful EYESPOTS: one large and one small on each forewing, plus two blue-and-orange eyespots on the trailing edge of each hindwing. Its forewings have orange and white bands and a prominent orange bar. Fast, low, gliding flight.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaId":"A DARK caterpillar with a pale, broken, longitudinal STRIPE and rows of small branching spines. Its head is orange-tan and it has a distinctive habit of curling its head back when at rest. It often feeds on plantain and snapdragons.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"eggId":"A tiny, pale-GREEN, RIBBED egg laid singly on the buds or leaf tops of its host plants.","hosts":["Broadleaf Plantain (Plantago major)","Frogfruit (Phyla nodiflora)","Texas Toadflax (Nuttallanthus texanus)","Prairie False Foxglove (Agalinis heterophylla)","Texas Vervain (Verbena halei)","Texas Paintbrush (Castilleja indivisa)","Wholeleaf Indian Paintbrush (Castilleja integra)"],"nectar":"Composite and tubular flowers: aster, ironweed, mistflower, Lantana, and rabbit tobacco.","predators":"Birds, spiders, wasps, assassin bugs, and parasitoids. Its eyespots startle birds and deflect attacks toward the wing edges.","status":"common","facts":["Its multiple false eyespots are its signature. They startle predators and protect its body.","Its favorite host plant in {place} lawns is the common plantain (Plantago major).","It also breeds prolifically on frogfruit (Phyla nodiflora) in {place} yards.","It is one of the most common and recognizable {place} butterflies in fall."],"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","regional":{"EDW":{"adultMonths":[1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,9,10]},"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,9,10]},"STX":{"adultMonths":[3,4,6,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10]},"ROLL":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,9]},"HIGH":{"adultMonths":[5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,5,7,8,9,10]},"TRANS":{"adultMonths":[6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10]}},"range":"ALL -24f -23a","refs":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}]},{"id":"red-admiral","name":"Red Admiral","scientific":"Vanessa atalanta","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Vanessa_atalanta","adultId":"A striking, dark butterfly with a brilliant RED-ORANGE medial band across each forewing and RED-ORANGE marginal bands on its hindwings. Its forewing tips have bold WHITE SPOTS and its underside is mottled, bark-like gray-brown. Fast, erratic flight.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaId":"A DARK caterpillar with pale yellow speckling and rows of branching DARK SPINES. It FOLDS a leaf into a tube shelter with silk and feeds inside. A distinctive behavior shared with other Vanessa caterpillars.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9],"eggId":"A tiny, pale-GREEN, barrel-shaped egg laid singly near the top of a nettle leaf. Its classic host.","hosts":["Heartleaf Nettle (Urtica chamaedryoides)","False Nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica)","Pennsylvania Pellitory (Parietaria pensylvanica)"],"nectar":"Rotting fruit and tree sap, plus flowers: aster, milkweed, Lantana, butterfly bush.","predators":"Birds, spiders, wasps, assassin bugs, and parasitoid wasps and flies. Its leaf-tube shelter and fast, erratic flight help it escape.","status":"common","facts":["Its host plant is nettle, and it often breeds on the harmless false nettle (Boehmeria).","Its caterpillar folds a leaf into a tube shelter with silk.","It is famous for being a people-friendly butterfly, landing on observers.","It migrates north each spring and moves south again in fall."],"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","regional":{"EDW":{"adultMonths":[1,2,3,4,5,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6]},"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9]},"STX":{"adultMonths":[1,2,3,4,5,9,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9]},"ROLL":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9]},"HIGH":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9]},"TRANS":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9]}},"refs":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}]},{"id":"painted-lady","name":"Painted Lady","scientific":"Vanessa cardui","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Vanessa_cardui","adultId":"A medium, fast-flying butterfly with PINK-ORANGE upper sides, BLACK WING TIPS with white spots, and a UNIFORM, complex mottled-brown underside with four small EYESPOTS on the hindwing underside. Its forewing underside has a pink-orange bar.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaId":"A GRAY-BROWN or dull purplish caterpillar with pale stripes and rows of branching SPINES. It lives in a SILK-BOUND LEAF NEST on its host plant, especially thistles.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9],"eggId":"A tiny, pale-green, BARREL-shaped egg laid singly on host leaves (thistles, mallow, legumes).","hosts":["Yellow Thistle (Cirsium horridulum)","Texas Thistle (Cirsium texanum)","Arrowleaf Sida (Sida rhombifolia)","Teaweed (Sida acuta)","Hairy Vetch (Vicia villosa)","White Clover (Trifolium repens)"],"nectar":"Asters, thistles, Lantana, zinnia, milkweeds, and composites. A generalist feeder.","predators":"Birds, spiders, wasps, assassin bugs, lacewing larvae, and parasitoid wasps and flies.","status":"common","facts":["It is the most widespread butterfly in the world, found on every continent except Antarctica.","Its caterpillar lives in a silk-bound leaf nest on its host plant.","Its host plants include thistles, which give it the nickname 'thistle butterfly.'","It occasionally has enormous mass migrations through Texas."],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Vanessa cardui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa_cardui"}]},"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","regional":{"EDW":{"adultMonths":[1,2,3,4,5,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5]},"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[4,5]},"STX":{"adultMonths":[1,2,3,4,6,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9]},"ROLL":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9]},"HIGH":{"adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9]},"TRANS":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9]}},"refs":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}]},{"id":"question-mark","name":"Question Mark","scientific":"Polygonia interrogationis","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Polygonia_interrogationis","adultId":"A distinctive, orange-and-brown butterfly with deeply SCALLOPED wing edges and a small, curled 'tail.' Its underside is dark bark-like brown with a small WHITE SILVER MARK shaped like a QUESTION MARK (?) or comma, depending on season form. It is {place}'s largest angle-wing butterfly.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaId":"A variable caterpillar, orange, red-brown, or gray, with rows of branching spines and a pair of forked spines on its head. It feeds on elm and hackberry, and it is a large, stout caterpillar.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8],"eggId":"A tiny, green, ribbed egg laid singly or in short stacks under elm, hackberry and nettle leaves.","hosts":["American Elm (Ulmus americana)","Cedar Elm (Ulmus crassifolia)","Sugarberry (Celtis laevigata)","Heartleaf Nettle (Urtica chamaedryoides)","False Nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica)"],"nectar":"Rotting fruit, tree sap, animal droppings, mud. And flowers like aster, milkweed, and ironweed.","predators":"Birds, spiders, wasps, assassin bugs, and parasitoid wasps and flies. Its dead-leaf underside camouflage is its main defense.","status":"common","facts":["Its wing underside looks exactly like a dead leaf. Superb camouflage.","Its name comes from the small silver punctuation mark on its underside.","Its eggs are laid singly or in short stacks on elm, hackberry and nettle leaves.","It overwinters as an adult, flying on warm {place} winter days."],"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","regional":{"EDW":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]},"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]},"STX":{"adultMonths":[2,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8]},"ROLL":{"adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7]},"HIGH":{"adultMonths":[5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8]},"TRANS":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8]}},"range":"ALL -24f","refs":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}]},{"id":"gray-hair-streak","name":"Gray Hairstreak","scientific":"Strymon melinus","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Strymon_melinus","adultId":"A tiny, gray, delicate butterfly with a single thin WHITE STRIPE and one orange-capped BLUE SPOT on the underside of each hindwing. Its most striking feature is a tiny 'FALSE HEAD' at its hindwing tails with a bright orange-red spot, and it moves its closed wings up and down at rest, mimicking a head.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaId":"A GREEN, slug-shaped caterpillar with subtle pale stripes and a 'head-end' swelling that mimics the wrong end. It is a generalist that feeds on many plants, including beans, cotton, and mallow.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9],"eggId":"A tiny, pale-green, DISC-shaped, ribbed egg laid singly on flower buds or leaves of many host plants.","hosts":["Arrowleaf Sida (Sida rhombifolia)","Butterfly Weed (Asclepias tuberosa)","Winecup (Callirhoe involucrata)","Halberd-leaf Rosemallow (Hibiscus laevis)","Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)","Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)","Southern Peas (Vigna unguiculata)","Texas Bluebonnet (Lupinus texensis)","Hogwort (Croton capitatus)","Ground Plum (Astragalus crassicarpus)","Copper Globemallow (Sphaeralcea angustifolia)","Live Oak (Quercus virginiana)","False Indigo Bush (Amorpha fruticosa)"],"nectar":"Small, flat-topped flowers: white clover, dogbane, milkweeds, asters, Lantana, goldenrod.","predators":"Birds, spiders, wasps, assassin bugs, and parasitoid wasps (especially on its caterpillars).","status":"common","facts":["Its false head (tails plus orange-red spot) and wing-scraping behavior confuse predators into attacking its wing edges.","It is one of the most common small butterflies in {place} yards.","It has one of the broadest host-plant lists of any butterfly.","It is small; easily mistaken for a moth by beginners."],"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","regional":{"EDW":{"adultMonths":[2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9]},"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9]},"STX":{"adultMonths":[2,3,4,5,6,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9]},"ROLL":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9]},"HIGH":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9]},"TRANS":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9]}},"refs":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}]},{"id":"polydamas-swallowtail","name":"Polydamas Swallowtail (Gold Rim)","scientific":"Battus polydamas","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Battus_polydamas","adultId":"A large, BLACK swallowtail with NO TAILS, and a distinctive row of PALE YELLOW-GREEN spots along both wing margins. Its black body has yellow spots. It is a mostly tropical species that breeds mainly in South Texas and strays north in some summers.","adultMonths":[5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaId":"A DARK caterpillar (brown to black) with rows of fleshy ORANGE-TIPPED TUBERCLES instead of smooth skin. It feeds in groups on pipevines. It everts an osmeterium when threatened.","larvaMonths":[6,7,8,9],"eggId":"A round, PALE-ORANGE, slightly flattened egg laid in CLUSTERS on pipevine leaves or stems.","hosts":["Texas Dutchman's Pipe (Aristolochia reticulata)","Woolly Dutchman's Pipe (Aristolochia tomentosa)"],"nectar":"Tubular flowers: Lantana, porterweed, native thistles, milkweeds, and pentas.","predators":"Birds, spiders, wasps, assassin bugs, and parasitoid wasps and flies. Its pipevine-derived toxins protect it from vertebrate predators.","status":"uncommon","facts":["It is the ONLY tailless swallowtail in the U.S.","Its only host plants are pipevines (Aristolochia).","Its caterpillar is dark with rows of orange-tipped tubercles.","It is a mostly tropical species; in Texas it breeds mainly in the south and strays north in some summers.","It is also called the Gold Rim for the yellow band along its wings."],"range":"COAST STX -EDW -CROSS -STX -ROLL -HIGH -TRANS","factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Battus polydamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battus_polydamas"}],"4":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Battus polydamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battus_polydamas"}]},"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","level":2},{"id":"hackberry-emperor","name":"Hackberry Emperor","scientific":"Asterocampa celtis","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Asterocampa_celtis","adultId":"A small-medium, tan-brown butterfly with a quick, jerky, low flight. Its forewing has a black eyespot and white spots near the tip, which the Tawny Emperor lacks. Its underside is bark-like. It is extremely territorial, chasing other butterflies from its perch, and it lands on people (drawn to sweat).","adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaId":"A GREEN caterpillar with a pale stripe, a pair of TINY HEAD-PRONGS (horns), and a pale 'collar' that makes it look headless from above. It rests on the undersides of hackberry leaves in a characteristic arched posture.","larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8,9],"eggId":"A small, PALE-GREEN sphere laid in CLUSTERS of 3–7 on the underside of hackberry leaves.","hosts":["Sugarberry (Celtis laevigata)"],"nectar":"It rarely visits flowers; it feeds on SAP, ROTTING FRUIT, DUNG, and SWEAT (it often lands on people).","predators":"Birds, spiders, wasps, assassin bugs, and parasitoid wasps and flies. Its bark-like underside camouflage is its main defense.","status":"common","facts":["It is famous for landing on people, attracted to sweat and salts.","It rarely visits flowers; it prefers sap, dung, and rotting fruit.","Its only hosts are hackberries, including sugarberry (Celtis laevigata), one of {place}'s most common trees.","Its caterpillar has tiny head-prongs, looking horned and headless from above."],"adultImageUrl":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Asterocampa_celtis_bastrop_co_tx.jpg/960px-Asterocampa_celtis_bastrop_co_tx.jpg","photoCredit":"Larry D. Moore, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons","timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","regional":{"EDW":{"adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]},"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9]},"STX":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8,9]},"ROLL":{"adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8,9]},"HIGH":{"adultMonths":[5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8,9]},"TRANS":{"adultMonths":[5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8,9]}},"range":"ALL -24f","refs":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}]},{"id":"tawny-emperor","name":"Tawny Emperor","scientific":"Asterocampa clyton","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Asterocampa_clyton","adultId":"A tan-orange emperor with a bright orange upperside and dark lines. Unlike the hackberry emperor, it has no black eyespot or white spots on its forewing. Its flight is fast, low and jerky. It is usually found near hackberry groves.","adultMonths":[5,6,7,8,9],"larvaId":"A GREEN, headless-looking caterpillar with a pair of tiny HEAD-PRONGS and a pale longitudinal stripe, very similar to the hackberry emperor's, but its head 'collar' is less pronounced.","larvaMonths":[6,7,8],"eggId":"A small, pale-green sphere laid in CLUSTERS on hackberry leaves. The same communal habit as its cousin.","hosts":["Sugarberry (Celtis laevigata)"],"nectar":"Like the hackberry emperor, it favors SAP, ROTTING FRUIT, DUNG and SWEAT over flowers.","predators":"Birds, spiders, wasps, assassin bugs, and parasitoid wasps and flies.","status":"common","facts":["It is the hackberry emperor's close cousin, also on hackberry trees.","Unlike the Hackberry Emperor, it has no black eyespot or white spots on its forewing.","It is very attracted to sweat and often lands on people.","It lives in colonies around hackberry groves, its only host."],"factRefs":{"1":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Asterocampa clyton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterocampa_clyton"}]},"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","regional":{"EDW":{"adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]},"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[4,6,7,8,9,10]},"STX":{"adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[6,7,8]},"ROLL":{"adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[6,7,8]},"HIGH":{"adultMonths":[5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[6,7,8]},"TRANS":{"adultMonths":[6,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[6,7,8]}},"range":"ALL -24f -23a","refs":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"level":2},{"id":"carolina-satyr","name":"Carolina Satyr","scientific":"Hermeuptychia sosybia","inat":"Hermeuptychia sosybius","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Carolina_satyr","adultId":"A small, tan-brown butterfly with a BOUNCING, weak flight near the ground in SHADE. Its underside has a complex pattern of thin dark lines and a row of small BLACK EYESPOTS with white pupils along its hindwing edge. Its upperside is plain brown.","adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaId":"A small, GREEN, headless-look caterpillar with tiny TAIL PRONGS and a pale stripe, feeding on grasses. It hides in leaf litter and feeds at night.","larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8,9],"eggId":"A tiny, pale, round egg laid singly on or near the leaves of grasses.","hosts":["Basketgrass (Oplismenus hirtellus)","Inland Sea Oats (Chasmanthium latifolium)","Cherokee Sedge (Carex cherokeensis)"],"nectar":"It rarely visits flowers; it feeds on SAP, HONEYDEW, and ROTTING FRUIT. It is a butterfly of shaded undergrowth.","predators":"Birds, spiders, lizards, wasps, and assassin bugs.","status":"common","facts":["It is a shade-loving butterfly. Look for it in woods and under trees, not open gardens.","It bounces low along the ground, rarely flying above knee height.","It feeds on sap and rotting fruit, not nectar.","Its caterpillar feeds on grasses and hides in leaf litter."],"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","regional":{"EDW":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,10],"larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8,9]}},"range":"ALL -CROSS -STX -ROLL -HIGH -TRANS","level":2},{"id":"snout","name":"American Snout","scientific":"Libytheana carinenta","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Libytheana_carinenta","adultId":"A small, brown-and-orange butterfly with a UNIQUELY LONG 'SNOUT'. Elongated, furry LABIAL PALPI that stick forward like a beak. Its forewings have orange and white patches and its underside is bark-like gray. It holds its wings closed at rest, looking like a dead leaf with a nose.","adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaId":"A small, GREEN caterpillar that rests along the midrib of hackberry leaves. Its body shape and green color camouflage it perfectly as a leaf's mid-vein.","larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8,9],"eggId":"A tiny, pale-green, ribbed egg laid singly or in small groups on hackberry leaves.","hosts":["Sugarberry (Celtis laevigata)"],"nectar":"Small flowers: white clover, frogfruit, asters, goldenrod.","predators":"Birds, spiders, wasps, and assassin bugs. Its dead-leaf camouflage at rest helps it avoid detection.","status":"common","facts":["It is famous for MASS MIGRATIONS: millions of snouts sometimes stream through Texas.","Its long 'snout' is unique among North American butterflies.","Its only hosts are hackberries (Celtis), including sugarberry, one of {place}'s most common trees.","It looks like a dead leaf with a beak when at rest."],"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","regional":{"EDW":{"adultMonths":[4,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[3,4,6,8,9,10,11]},"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8,9]},"STX":{"adultMonths":[1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[5,7,9,10,11]},"ROLL":{"adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8,9]},"HIGH":{"adultMonths":[6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8,9]},"TRANS":{"adultMonths":[6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8,9]}},"refs":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}]},{"id":"variegated-fritillary","name":"Variegated Fritillary","scientific":"Euptoieta claudia","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Euptoieta_claudia","adultId":"A medium orange butterfly with broad, tawny wings crossed by fine black lines and a row of dark spots. Underneath it is a muted checkered pattern of orange, tan and white, with NO SILVER SPOTS (the Gulf Fritillary has bright silver ones). Low, quick flight close to the ground.","adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaId":"A RED-ORANGE caterpillar with white mottling and rows of small BLACK SPINES. Unlike the Gulf Fritillary's caterpillar, its spines are SHORTER and its body is more mottled red-white. It feeds on passionflower but also violets and flax.","larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8,9],"eggId":"A tiny, pale-YELLOW, ribbed egg laid singly on host leaves. Often violets or passionflower.","hosts":["Common Blue Violet (Viola sororia)","Purple Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata)","Yellow Passionflower (Passiflora lutea)"],"nectar":"Composites and tubular flowers: Lantana, milkweeds, asters, coreopsis, zinnia.","predators":"Birds, spiders, wasps, assassin bugs, and parasitoids.","status":"common","facts":["It is a broader, flatter butterfly than the Gulf Fritillary and lacks silver patches on top.","It is a generalist: its host plants include violets, flax and passionflower.","Its caterpillar is red-white mottled with short spines.","It is a fast flier and a common fall garden visitor."],"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","regional":{"EDW":{"adultMonths":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6]},"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,10]},"STX":{"adultMonths":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[1,3,4,5,6,8,10,11]},"ROLL":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,9,11]},"HIGH":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,12]},"TRANS":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[1,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]}}},{"id":"polyphemus-moth","name":"Polyphemus Moth","scientific":"Antheraea polyphemus","kind":"moth","wiki":"Antheraea_polyphemus","adultId":"A HUGE (up to 6-inch wingspan), rich-BROWN moth with a small transparent 'WINDOWPANE' in each hindwing and a bold BLACK-and-YELLOW EYESPOT inside. Its forewings have a small black eyespot. Its furry body and feathery antennae (male) are classic giant silkworm moth features.","adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9],"larvaId":"A large, BRIGHT GREEN caterpillar (up to 3 inches) with small SILVER SPOTS along its sides and prominent TUBERCLES (spines). It feeds mostly on elms, willows and birches, and sometimes on oaks, pecans and cherries.","larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8],"eggId":"A round, flattened, CREAM-WHITE egg laid in small groups or singly on host leaves. Its shell has a slight pearly sheen.","hosts":["Live Oak (Quercus virginiana)","Water Oak (Quercus nigra)","Pecan (Carya illinoinensis)","Black Cherry (Prunus serotina)","Black Willow (Salix nigra)","Citrus (Citrus spp.)"],"nectar":"As an adult moth, it has NO FUNCTIONAL MOUTHPARTS. It does not feed, living off stored caterpillar fat for about a week.","predators":"Bats (major), birds, owls, and parasitoid wasps/flies. Its giant eyespots startle predators; its hindwing 'windows' make the eyespot look like a vertebrate eye.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its hindwings have clear 'windowpanes' around black eyespots that mimic an owl's eyes.","The adult moth has NO MOUTH and does not eat. It lives about a week to mate.","Its huge green caterpillar feeds mostly on elms, willows and birches, and sometimes on oaks, pecans and cherries.","It is named after the one-eyed Cyclops Polyphemus of Greek myth."],"factRefs":{"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Antheraea polyphemus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antheraea_polyphemus"}]},"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","regional":{"EDW":{"adultMonths":[2,3,4,5,6,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[4,5,7,9,10,11,12]},"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,8,9],"larvaMonths":[5,6,10,11]},"STX":{"adultMonths":[2,3,9,10],"larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8]},"ROLL":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,10,11]},"HIGH":{"adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9],"larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8]}},"range":"ALL -TRANS"},{"id":"luna-moth","name":"Luna Moth","scientific":"Actias luna","kind":"moth","wiki":"Actias_luna","adultId":"An unmistakable, huge (4–5 inch), PALE GREEN moth with long SWALLOWTAILS on its hindwings, a fuzzy white body, and transparent EYESPOTS on all four wings. It flies only at night and is drawn to lights. Adults live about a week.","adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9],"larvaId":"A large, fat GREEN caterpillar with a faint yellow sub-spiracular line, red legs and small tubercles. It feeds on many trees, especially sweetgum in the South, and it pupates in a thin, papery, single-layered cocoon wrapped in leaves.","larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8],"eggId":"A small, brownish, OVAL egg laid in small groups (up to 8) on the undersides of leaves. Its eggs are larger than most moth eggs.","hosts":["Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua)","Black Walnut (Juglans nigra)","Pecan (Carya illinoinensis)","Common Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana)","Winged Sumac (Rhus copallinum)"],"nectar":"Adult luna moths have NO MOUTHPARTS. They do not feed. They live about one week as adults, mating and dying.","predators":"Bats (primary), birds, and parasitoid flies and wasps. Its long tails Confuse bats' echolocation, spinning the attack away from its body.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its long hindwing tails spin in flight, confusing bat echolocation.","The adult moth does not eat; it has no mouthparts and lives about a week.","Its favorite {place} host tree is sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua).","It is one of the most beautiful and recognizable moths in the world."],"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","range":"ALL -34b -STX -ROLL -HIGH -TRANS","regional":{"EDW":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,10,11]},"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,8,9],"larvaMonths":[5,6,9,10]}}},{"id":"imperial-moth","name":"Imperial Moth","scientific":"Eacles imperialis","kind":"moth","wiki":"Eacles_imperialis","adultId":"A very large (up to 6-inch) yellow-and-PURPLE-PINK moth with a fuzzy body, feathery antennae, and rich maroon-purple markings on all four wings. Its forewing has a small discal 'eye' spot. It is the quintessential giant silkworm moth of the South.","adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9],"larvaId":"A HUGE (up to 4-inch) caterpillar that comes in a GREEN or a BROWN form, with orange spiracles and sparse long white hairs. It pupates in soil instead of spinning a cocoon.","larvaMonths":[6,7,8,9],"eggId":"A flattened, round, PALE-ORANGE to yellow egg laid in clusters on host leaves. Its eggs are laid in loose groups rather than tight masses.","hosts":["Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda)","Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris)","Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua)","Water Oak (Quercus nigra)","Pecan (Carya illinoinensis)","Red Maple (Acer rubrum)","Sassafras (Sassafras albidum)"],"nectar":"The adult has NO MOUTHPARTS and does not feed. It lives off caterpillar fat reserves for about two weeks.","predators":"Bats, owls, and parasitoid flies and wasps. Its huge size and camouflage (as a caterpillar, and as a dead-leaf adult) are its defenses.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its caterpillars come in green or brown forms, and they pupate in soil instead of spinning a cocoon.","It is one of the largest {place} moths, with a wingspan up to 6 inches.","The adult does not feed; it has no mouthparts.","Its caterpillars feed mostly on pines, but also eat oaks, sweetgum, maples, sassafras and hickories."],"factRefs":{"3":[{"label":"Texas A&M Forest Service: Imperial moth","url":"https://tfsweb.tamu.edu/forest-land/forest-health/pine-insects/imperial-moth/"},{"label":"NC State Extension: Imperial moth","url":"https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/imperial-moth"},{"label":"Wikipedia: Eacles imperialis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eacles_imperialis"}]},"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","regional":{"EDW":{"adultMonths":[8,9],"larvaMonths":[10,11]}},"range":"ALL -CROSS -STX -ROLL -HIGH -TRANS"},{"id":"cecropia-moth","name":"Cecropia Moth","scientific":"Hyalophora cecropia","kind":"moth","wiki":"Hyalophora_cecropia","adultId":"A massive (up to 7-inch wingspan. Largest in North America), dark REDDISH-BROWN moth with bold white and red bands and EYESPOTS on all wings, and a fat, fuzzy, banded body. Its hindwing has a huge white 'comma' mark. It is the largest moth on the continent.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6],"larvaId":"A large (4-inch), BLUE-GREEN caterpillar with rows of colorful TUBERCLES (red, blue, yellow) and a pale yellow-green body. It feeds on many trees, especially wild cherry and box elder, and it pupates in a tough, brown, silk cocoon attached to a twig.","larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8],"eggId":"A flattened, dark, OVAL, ridged egg laid in clusters of 10–20 on host leaves. Its eggs are larger and darker than most moth eggs.","hosts":["Black Cherry (Prunus serotina)","Boxelder (Acer negundo)","Red Maple (Acer rubrum)","Black Willow (Salix nigra)"],"nectar":"Adults have NO MOUTHPARTS and do not feed. They live about 2 weeks to reproduce.","predators":"Bats, owls, and parasitoid flies and wasps (especially the tachinid fly, a major caterpillar killer). Its cocoon's tough silk provides some protection.","status":"rare","facts":["It is the LARGEST MOTH IN NORTH AMERICA, up to a 7-inch wingspan.","Its blue-green caterpillar has striking red, blue and yellow tubercles.","The adult has no mouthparts and does not feed.","It is increasingly rare, and its caterpillars are heavily parasitized."],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Hyalophora cecropia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyalophora_cecropia"}]},"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","range":"ALL -34b -STX -ROLL -HIGH -TRANS","regional":{"EDW":{"adultMonths":[3,4],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6]},"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[3,4],"larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8]}},"level":2},{"id":"io-moth","name":"Io Moth","scientific":"Automeris io","kind":"moth","wiki":"Automeris_io","adultId":"A medium-large (2.5–3.5 inch), sexually DIMORPHIC moth: males are bright YELLOW with bold black EYESPOTS; females are BROWNISH-RED with similar eyespots. Its hindwings each have a dramatic black-and-blue EYESPOT with a white 'iris.'","adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9],"larvaId":"A gregarious, GREEN caterpillar with a RED-AND-WHITE lateral stripe and LONG, SPINY, VENOMOUS BRISTLES. One of several stinging caterpillars in Texas. Its spines deliver a painful, nettle-like sting.","larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8],"eggId":"A tiny, white, flattened egg laid in CLUSTERS on host leaves. Its larvae hatch together and feed in groups.","hosts":["Black Willow (Salix nigra)","Live Oak (Quercus virginiana)","Sugarberry (Celtis laevigata)","Pecan (Carya illinoinensis)","Eastern Redbud (Cercis canadensis)","Sweet Corn (Zea mays)"],"nectar":"Adults have NO MOUTHPARTS and do not feed.","predators":"Bats, owls, parasitoid wasps and flies. Its caterpillar's VENOMOUS SPINES are a serious human hazard. One of the few stinging caterpillars in {place}.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its caterpillar is one of several stinging caterpillars in Texas. Its spines sting painfully.","Males are yellow and females reddish-brown, with dramatic eyespots.","Its gregarious caterpillars feed in groups on willows, oaks and hackberry.","The adult has no mouthparts and does not feed."],"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","regional":{"EDW":{"adultMonths":[2,3,4,5,8,9],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,9,10,11,12]},"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[4,5,8,9],"larvaMonths":[5,6,7,9,10,11]},"STX":{"adultMonths":[2,3,4,5,9,10],"larvaMonths":[4,5,9,10,11]},"TRANS":{"adultMonths":[5,6,7,8,9],"larvaMonths":[7,8,9]}},"range":"ALL -ROLL -HIGH -24f -23a","level":2},{"id":"carolina-sphinx","name":"Carolina Sphinx (Tobacco Hornworm)","scientific":"Manduca sexta","kind":"moth","wiki":"Manduca_sexta","adultId":"A large (4–5 inch), gray-brown sphinx moth with a stream-lined, jet-like body, a row of SIX orange-yellow spots along each side of its abdomen (the 'tobacco' hornworm adult), and dark, gray-brown forewings. Its flight is fast, hovering like a hummingbird.","adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaId":"A HUGE (up to 4-inch) GREEN caterpillar with a prominent RED 'HORN' (curved spine) on its tail end, and seven white DIAGONAL stripes on its sides. It is the famous tomato hornworm's close cousin (tobacco hornworm) and it defoliates tomato plants rapidly.","larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8,9],"eggId":"A tiny, pale-green, SPHERE-SHAPED egg laid singly on tomato leaves. Its smooth, green color blends with the foliage.","hosts":["Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)","Irish Potato (Solanum tuberosum)","Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum)"],"nectar":"As an adult, it is a POWERFUL FLYER that hovers and drinks nectar from tubular flowers, petunias, jasmine, and deep-throated white flowers, often at dusk.","predators":"Birds, parasitic BRACONID WASPS (whose white cocoons dot parasitized hornworms), ladybugs (young larvae), lacewings, and assassin bugs.","status":"common","facts":["Its caterpillar is the famous TOMATO HORNWORM (technically the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta), the bane of {place} tomato gardens.","The white 'rice grains' on a parasitized hornworm are braconid wasp cocoons. Leave that hornworm alone!","As an adult, it hovers like a hummingbird to drink nectar from deep flowers.","Its red tail horn distinguishes the tobacco hornworm from the tomato hornworm's black horn."],"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","regional":{"EDW":{"adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8,9,10]},"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8,9,10]},"STX":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9],"larvaMonths":[2,3,5,6,8,10]},"ROLL":{"adultMonths":[5,6,7,8,9],"larvaMonths":[3,5,6,7,8,9,10]},"HIGH":{"adultMonths":[6,7,8,9],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10]},"TRANS":{"adultMonths":[5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[7,8,9,10]}},"range":"ALL -24f -23a","imageUrl":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/527194875/medium.jpg","adultImageUrl":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/527194875/medium.jpg","photoCredit":"Mary Beth Stowe (CC BY), via iNaturalist"},{"id":"hummingbird-clearwing","name":"Hummingbird Clearwing Moth","scientific":"Hemaris thysbe","kind":"moth","wiki":"Hemaris_thysbe","adultId":"A daytime-flying, medium (2-inch) moth that looks like a small HUMMINGBIRD or a bumblebee: its wings are mostly CLEAR (scaleless) with reddish-brown borders, its fat body is fuzzy yellow-and-dark, and it HOVERS at flowers, drinking nectar via a long proboscis.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9],"larvaId":"A GREEN (sometimes brown) 'hornworm'-type caterpillar with pale diagonal side stripes and a slender tail horn. It feeds on viburnum, honeysuckle and snowberry, and it pupates in soil.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8],"eggId":"A tiny, pale-green, spherical egg laid singly on the undersides of host leaves.","hosts":["Coral Honeysuckle (Lonicera sempervirens)","Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica)","Rusty Blackhaw (Viburnum rufidulum)","Coralberry (Symphoricarpos orbiculatus)","Black Cherry (Prunus serotina)","Mayhaw (Crataegus opaca)"],"nectar":"It hovers like a hummingbird at tubular flowers: beebalm, phlox, honeysuckle, verbena, and native coral honeysuckle.","predators":"Birds, spiders, wasps, mantids, and parasitoid wasps and flies.","status":"uncommon","facts":["It is the moth most often mistaken for a tiny hummingbird or a bumblebee.","It flies by DAY and hovers at flowers, drinking through its long proboscis.","Its clear, scaleless wings are an adaptation for daytime flight.","Its caterpillar feeds on honeysuckle and viburnum."],"range":"PINEY POST BLACK CROSS EDW -33b -EDW -STX -ROLL -HIGH -TRANS","timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","regional":{"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[3,5,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8]}},"level":2},{"id":"snowberry-clearwing","name":"Snowberry Clearwing Moth","scientific":"Hemaris diffinis","kind":"moth","wiki":"Hemaris_diffinis","adultId":"A daytime-flying, medium (1.5–2 inch) clearwing moth that looks remarkably like a large BUMBLEBEE: its body is fuzzy, dark-and-YELLOW banded, and its clear wings buzz audibly in flight as it hovers at flowers.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9],"larvaId":"A YELLOW-GREEN to dark brown 'hornworm' caterpillar with an orange-red tail horn and dark 'eye' spots. It feeds on honeysuckle and snowberry, and like other sphinx moths, pupates in soil.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8],"eggId":"A tiny, pale-green sphere laid singly on host leaves.","hosts":["Coralberry (Symphoricarpos orbiculatus)","Coral Honeysuckle (Lonicera sempervirens)","Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica)","Rusty Blackhaw (Viburnum rufidulum)"],"nectar":"It hovers like a bumblebee at tubular flowers: coral honeysuckle, beebalm, phlox, verbena.","predators":"Birds, spiders, wasps, mantids, and parasitoid wasps and flies.","status":"common","facts":["It is a master bumblebee mimic, hovering noisily at flowers by day.","Its clear, scaleless wings buzz visibly in flight.","Its favorite {place} host is native coral honeysuckle (Lonicera sempervirens).","Its caterpillar has an orange-red tail horn like other sphinx 'hornworms.'"],"factRefs":{"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Hemaris diffinis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemaris_diffinis"}]},"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","range":"ALL -34b -STX -TRANS","regional":{"EDW":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]},"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]},"ROLL":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8]},"HIGH":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[1,8,9,10,11]}},"level":2},{"id":"orange-striped-oakworm","name":"Orange-striped Oakworm","scientific":"Anisota senatoria","kind":"moth","wiki":"Anisota_senatoria","adultId":"A medium-sized silk moth that does not feed as an adult. Females are stout and yellow-orange with a silver-white spot on each forewing; males are much smaller and reddish-brown. Adults emerge once a year in early to midsummer and mate in the middle of the day.","adultMonths":[6,7,8,9],"larvaId":"A black caterpillar with EIGHT ORANGE-TO-YELLOW STRIPES running lengthwise and a pair of small, curved, black HEAD-PRONGS. It often defoliates oak branches in groups in late summer, marching down the trunk to pupate.","larvaMonths":[7,8,9],"eggId":"A tiny, pale, flattened egg laid in CLUSTERS on oak leaf undersides. Larvae hatch together and feed communally in early stages.","hosts":["Water Oak (Quercus nigra)","Post Oak (Quercus stellata)","Live Oak (Quercus virginiana)","Willow Oak (Quercus phellos)"],"nectar":"Adults do not feed; like all giant silk moths, their mouthparts are reduced.","predators":"Birds, wasps, and parasitoid flies and wasps. Its huge late-summer congregations on oaks are conspicuous, but trees usually recover.","status":"common","facts":["Its black-and-orange striped caterpillars congregate and defoliate oak branches in late summer.","Females are stout and much larger than the small, reddish males.","The caterpillars march down the trunk in a line to pupate in soil.","Its outbreaks are cyclical; oaks usually recover fine."],"range":"PINEY POST BLACK CROSS -33b -EDW -CROSS -STX -ROLL -HIGH -TRANS","factRefs":{"1":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Anisota senatoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisota_senatoria"}]},"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Anisota senatoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisota_senatoria"}],"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","level":2},{"id":"white-marked-tussock","name":"White-marked Tussock Moth","scientific":"Orgyia leucostigma","kind":"moth","wiki":"Orgyia_leucostigma","adultId":"A small, sexually dimorphic moth: males are gray-brown with a white-spot'd forewing and feathery antennae; females are WINGLESS, gray, and fuzzy. Males fly by day. Its caterpillars are the conspicuous stage.","adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaId":"Its unmistakable caterpillar: a RED-ORANGE head, a DARK body with FOUR white to cream brush tufts ('tussocks') on its back, TUFFED BLACK SPOTS along its sides, and LONG BLACK PENCILS of hairs extending from both ends. Its hairs can cause skin rashes.","larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8,9,10],"eggId":"A tiny, white, round egg laid in a FUZZ-COVERED CLUSTER on a cocoon. The flightless female covers her eggs with her own body hairs.","hosts":["Live Oak (Quercus virginiana)","Sugarberry (Celtis laevigata)","Pecan (Carya illinoinensis)","Black Willow (Salix nigra)","Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua)"],"nectar":"The adult does not feed; and the female cannot fly.","predators":"Birds, spiders, wasps, and parasitoid flies and wasps. Its urticating (stinging) hairs protect the caterpillar.","status":"common","facts":["Its caterpillar's four white 'tussock' brush tufts give it its name.","Its caterpillar's hairs can cause painful skin rashes in people.","The female is WINGLESS and never flies. She mates, lays eggs, and dies near her cocoon.","The female covers her egg cluster with her own body hairs for protection."],"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","range":"ALL -EDW -CROSS -STX -ROLL -HIGH -TRANS","level":2},{"id":"fall-webworm","name":"Fall Webworm","scientific":"Hyphantria cunea","kind":"moth","wiki":"Hyphantria_cunea","adultId":"A small, fluffy WHITE moth with a fuzzy white body, unmarked wings, and a few black dots on its forewing. Its entirely white appearance makes it hard to identify as the maker of those big webbed nests. It flies at night.","adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaId":"A pale-yellow to dark, HAIRY caterpillar with a dark head, long white hairs, and orange-brown warts down its back, that LIVES IN A COMMUNAL SILK TENT over its food, encasing whole branches. It feeds inside its expanding webbed nest on many tree species.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9],"eggId":"A tiny, pale-green, flat, scale-like egg laid in LARGE CLUSTERS on the undersides of leaves.","hosts":["Pecan (Carya illinoinensis)","Sugarberry (Celtis laevigata)","Red Mulberry (Morus rubra)","Eastern Redbud (Cercis canadensis)","Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua)","Common Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana)"],"nectar":"Adults do not feed as caterpillars do; adults drink moisture but have minimal feeding.","predators":"Birds, wasps (paper wasps hunt them), assassin bugs, and parasitoid flies and wasps. Its silk tent protects it from many predators and pesticides.","status":"common","facts":["It is the caterpillar that builds the big MESSY SILK WEBS over tree branch tips, especially pecans, in fall.","Unlike tent caterpillars (spring), fall webworms encase LEAVES, not just branch crotches.","It has multiple generations per year in {place}, but damage is usually cosmetic.","Its communal web is a defense against birds and wasps."],"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","regional":{"EDW":{"adultMonths":[2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]},"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[2,3,5,7,8,9],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]}},"range":"ALL -STX -ROLL -HIGH -TRANS"},{"id":"walnut-caterpillar-moth","name":"Walnut Caterpillar Moth","scientific":"Datana integerrima","kind":"moth","wiki":"Datana_integerrima","adultId":"A small-to-medium, gray-brown moth with a dark-lined forewing that resembles bark. Its most common identification is through its CATERPILLAR, which is a striking group-defoliator of pecan trees.","adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8],"larvaId":"A large, BLACK caterpillar with long white or gray HAIRS, covered in yellow-orange longitudinal stripes, with a long, tall, humped 'warning posture'. It raises its head and tail when disturbed. It feeds in large groups on pecan.","larvaMonths":[6,7,8],"eggId":"A tiny, pale, flattened egg laid in MASS CLUSTERS (hundreds) on the undersides of pecan leaflets.","hosts":["Pecan (Carya illinoinensis)","Black Walnut (Juglans nigra)"],"nectar":"Adults rarely feed; males may drink moisture.","predators":"Birds, wasps, and parasitoid flies and wasps. Its gregarious, warning-colored massing and defensive posturing are its main defenses.","status":"common","facts":["Its caterpillar is a communal pecan defoliator, massing on {place} pecan trees.","It raises its head and tail in a dramatic defensive posture when disturbed.","It belongs to the prominent moth family, Notodontidae.","Its massed egg clusters can produce hundreds of caterpillars on a single leaf."],"factRefs":{"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Datana integerrima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datana_integerrima"}]},"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","regional":{"EDW":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9],"larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8,9,10]},"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[4,5,6,8,9],"larvaMonths":[6,7,9,10]}},"range":"ALL -STX -ROLL -HIGH -TRANS","level":2},{"id":"giant-leopard-moth","name":"Giant Leopard Moth","scientific":"Hypercompe scribonia","kind":"moth","wiki":"Hypercompe_scribonia","adultId":"A large, striking WHITE moth covered in bold BLACK RINGS and SPOTS, like a Dalmatian or leopard. Its wings are white with black ringed spots, and its abdomen is iridescent BLUE with orange bars. It flies at night and is drawn to lights.","adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9],"larvaId":"A large, BLACK 'woolly bear' caterpillar with a thick coat of stiff black bristles and red or orange bands between its segments, which show when it curls into a ball for defense. Its bristles are not venomous and do not usually irritate skin.","larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8,9,10],"eggId":"A tiny, pale-green, sphere-shaped egg laid singly on host leaves.","hosts":["Black Willow (Salix nigra)","Black Cherry (Prunus serotina)","Common Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)","Common Blue Violet (Viola sororia)","Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)","Broadleaf Plantain (Plantago major)"],"nectar":"Adults do not feed; they live about a week and mate.","predators":"Bats, owls, birds, and parasitoid wasps and flies. Its caterpillar curls into a bristly ball that flashes red bands when disturbed.","status":"common","facts":["Its white, black-spotted wings give it the name 'leopard moth.'","Its abdomen is iridescent BLUE. Visible when it flies.","Its caterpillar curls into a wheel and shows red bands as a warning.","It is a generalist feeder; its caterpillar eats everything from oaks to dandelions."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Hypercompe scribonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercompe_scribonia"}],"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","regional":{"EDW":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,9,10],"larvaMonths":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]},"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]}},"range":"ALL -STX -ROLL -HIGH -TRANS"},{"id":"pandorus-sphinx","name":"Pandorus Sphinx Moth","scientific":"Eumorpha pandorus","kind":"moth","wiki":"Eumorpha_pandorus","adultId":"A large (3.5–4.5 inch), PALE GREEN to tan moth with a robust body, darker green median bands, and a dark small 'spot' on each forewing. Its hindwing has pink shading. It flies at dusk and at night, hovering like a hummingbird at flowers.","adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9],"larvaId":"A HUGE (up to 3.5-inch) green to brown 'hornworm' caterpillar with a conspicuous WHITE OCELLUS (eyespot) and a small granular tail horn. Its body color is variable: green, pink, brown, or tan. It feeds on grape and Virginia creeper, and it pupates in soil.","larvaMonths":[6,7,8,9],"eggId":"A tiny, pale-green, round egg laid singly on grape leaves. Its classic host.","hosts":["Mustang Grape (Vitis mustangensis)","Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia)","Pepper Vine (Nekemias arborea)"],"nectar":"As an adult, it hovers like a hummingbird to drink nectar from deep-throated flowers: petunias, honeysuckle, and moonflower.","predators":"Bats, owls, and parasitoid flies and wasps.","status":"uncommon","facts":["It is one of the most common 'hummingbird-mimic' sphinx moths of {place}.","Its huge caterpillar has a distinctive white eyespot and a tiny tail horn.","Its primary hosts are grape and Virginia creeper. Very common in {place}.","The adult hovers at deep flowers at dusk like a hummingbird."],"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","regional":{"EDW":{"adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[6,7,8,9,10]},"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[4,5,7,8,9],"larvaMonths":[7,8,9,10]}},"range":"ALL -STX -ROLL -HIGH -TRANS","level":2},{"id":"pearl-crescent","name":"Pearl Crescent","scientific":"Phyciodes tharos","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Pearl_crescent","adultId":"A small orange butterfly with a fine black web of lines and black borders. The hindwing underside is pale with a dark smudge around a pearly crescent near the edge. Flies low, with quick wingbeats and short glides.","adultMonths":[2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaId":"A small dark brown caterpillar with branching spines and pale cream bands and spots. Young caterpillars feed in groups on aster leaves.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"hosts":["Rice Button Aster (Symphyotrichum dumosum)","White Heath Aster (Symphyotrichum ericoides)","Annual Saltmarsh Aster (Symphyotrichum divaricatum)","Aromatic Aster (Symphyotrichum oblongifolium)"],"nectar":"Asters, Frogfruit (Phyla nodiflora), Horseherb (Calyptocarpus vialis), fleabanes and other small flowers.","predators":"Birds, spiders, wasps, assassin bugs and dragonflies.","status":"common","facts":["It is one of the most common butterflies in {place}-area lawns and fields.","Its caterpillars feed only on asters.","Males perch low and chase anything that flies by.","The pearly crescent on the hindwing underside gives it its name."],"regional":{"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]},"EDW":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]},"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]},"STX":{"adultMonths":[7,10,11],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]},"ROLL":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]},"HIGH":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]},"TRANS":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]}},"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","range":"ALL -23a","refs":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}]},{"id":"phaon-crescent","name":"Phaon Crescent","scientific":"Phyciodes phaon","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Phyciodes_phaon","adultId":"A small orange-and-black crescent with a cream-colored band across the middle of the forewing. The hindwing underside is pale cream with brown markings.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaId":"A small olive-brown spiny caterpillar with pale bands, feeding on frogfruit.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"hosts":["Frogfruit (Phyla nodiflora)"],"nectar":"Frogfruit, Horseherb, asters and other small low flowers.","predators":"Birds, spiders, wasps, assassin bugs and dragonflies.","status":"common","facts":["It depends almost entirely on Frogfruit as its host plant.","Its cream forewing band tells it apart from the Pearl Crescent.","It is common in mowed areas where Frogfruit grows in lawns.","Planting Frogfruit as a groundcover brings it to gardens."],"regional":{"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]},"EDW":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]},"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]},"STX":{"adultMonths":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]},"ROLL":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]},"HIGH":{"adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]},"TRANS":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]}},"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","range":"ALL -24f -23a","refs":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}]},{"id":"palamedes-swallowtail","name":"Palamedes Swallowtail","scientific":"Papilio palamedes","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Papilio_palamedes","adultId":"A large dark brown-black swallowtail with a broad yellow band and a row of yellow spots near the edges. Look for a thin yellow stripe at the base of the hindwing underside.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaId":"A green caterpillar with two big, fake orange-and-black eyespots near the front, like the Spicebush Swallowtail’s. Young caterpillars look like bird droppings.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"hosts":["Redbay (Persea borbonia)","Sassafras (Sassafras albidum)"],"nectar":"Thistles, pickerelweed, Buttonbush and Turk’s Cap.","predators":"Birds, spiders, wasps, assassin bugs and dragonflies.","status":"declining","facts":["It is a swallowtail of swamps and wet bottomland forests.","Its host Redbay is being killed by laurel wilt, a disease spread by an invasive beetle.","Its caterpillar’s fake eyespots scare off birds.","The yellow stripe at the base of its hindwing underside is its best field mark."],"range":"PINEY CP MARSH -35a -33e -33f -32a -CROSS -STX -ROLL -HIGH -TRANS","timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","regional":{"EDW":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10]}},"refs":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"level":2},{"id":"long-tailed-skipper","name":"Long-tailed Skipper","scientific":"Urbanus proteus","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Urbanus_proteus","adultId":"A brown skipper with long tails on the hindwings and an iridescent blue-green body and wing bases. Forewings have glassy white spots.","adultMonths":[6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaId":"The “bean leaf roller”: a yellow-green caterpillar with a big dark red-brown head and thin dark and yellow stripes. It hides in a rolled-up leaf.","larvaMonths":[6,7,8,9,10,11],"hosts":["Butterfly Pea (Centrosema virginianum)","Garden beans (Phaseolus)","Panicledleaf Ticktrefoil (Desmodium paniculatum)"],"nectar":"Lantanas, Blue Mistflower, Gregg’s Mistflower and other fall flowers.","predators":"Birds, spiders, wasps, assassin bugs and dragonflies.","status":"common","facts":["It is one of the few skippers with long tails.","Its caterpillars can be a pest of garden beans.","It flies north into Texas in late summer and fall.","Its caterpillar hides inside a leaf it folds over with silk."],"factRefs":{"1":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Urbanus proteus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanus_proteus"}]},"regional":{"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK":{"adultMonths":[6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[6,7,8,9,10,11]},"EDW":{"adultMonths":[5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]},"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[6,7,8,9,10,11]},"STX":{"adultMonths":[8,10,11],"larvaMonths":[6,7,8,9,10,11]}},"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","range":"ALL -ROLL -HIGH -TRANS","refs":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}]},{"id":"fiery-skipper","name":"Fiery Skipper","scientific":"Hylephila phyleus","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Hylephila_phyleus","adultId":"A small, bright orange skipper with short antennae and jagged black edges. Females are browner. Holds its wings in a “jet plane” pose when perched.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaId":"A small greenish-brown caterpillar with a black head, living in a silk shelter at the base of grass.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"hosts":["St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum)","Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon)","Crabgrass (Digitaria)"],"nectar":"Lantanas, Mistflowers, asters and many garden flowers.","predators":"Birds, spiders, wasps, assassin bugs and dragonflies.","status":"common","facts":["It is one of the most common skippers in {place} yards.","Its caterpillars eat lawn grasses but rarely harm lawns.","It perches with forewings half-open and hindwings flat, like a tiny jet.","Its antennae are much shorter than other skippers’."],"regional":{"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]},"EDW":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]},"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]},"STX":{"adultMonths":[2,3,9,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]},"ROLL":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]},"HIGH":{"adultMonths":[6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]},"TRANS":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]}},"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","range":"ALL -23a"},{"id":"american-lady","name":"American Lady","scientific":"Vanessa virginiensis","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Vanessa_virginiensis","adultId":"An orange butterfly with black and white forewing tips, similar to the Painted Lady. The hindwing underside has TWO large eyespots (the Painted Lady has four or five small ones).","adultMonths":[2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaId":"A spiny black caterpillar with narrow yellow bands and pairs of white spots, living in a silk nest on cudweeds and everlastings.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"hosts":["Cudweeds (Gamochaeta and Pseudognaphalium)","Pussytoes (Antennaria)"],"nectar":"Asters, Horseherb, dogbane, milkweeds and many garden flowers.","predators":"Birds, spiders, wasps, assassin bugs and dragonflies.","status":"common","facts":["Two big eyespots on the hindwing underside tell it from the Painted Lady.","Its caterpillars feed on fuzzy cudweeds that grow in lawns.","It can be found year-round where winters are mild, as on the Texas coast.","Its caterpillars tie leaves together with silk into small nests."],"regional":{"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]},"EDW":{"adultMonths":[1,2,3,4,5,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6]},"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,10,11],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6]},"STX":{"adultMonths":[1,2,3,4,5,6,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]},"ROLL":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]},"HIGH":{"adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]},"TRANS":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]}},"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b"},{"id":"queen","name":"Queen","scientific":"Danaus gilippus","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Danaus_gilippus","adultId":"A mahogany-brown cousin of the Monarch with black borders and small white spots, but no black veins on the upperside.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaId":"Like a Monarch caterpillar, banded in black, white and yellow, but with THREE pairs of black filaments instead of two.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"hosts":["Green Milkweed (Asclepias viridis)","Butterfly Weed (Asclepias tuberosa)","Antelopehorn Milkweed (Asclepias asperula)","Aquatic Milkweed (Asclepias perennis)","Climbing milkweeds (Funastrum)","Tropical Milkweed (Asclepias curassavica), non-native"],"nectar":"Gregg’s Mistflower, Blue Mistflower, Seaside Heliotrope and other flowers.","predators":"Birds, spiders, wasps, assassin bugs and dragonflies.","status":"common","facts":["It is a close cousin of the Monarch and also feeds on milkweeds.","Males visit heliotropes and mistflowers for chemicals used in courtship.","In Texas, you’re most likely to see it in South Texas and along the coast.","Like Monarchs, it is distasteful to birds."],"regional":{"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]},"EDW":{"adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[1,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]},"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]},"STX":{"adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[5,7,8,9,10,11]},"ROLL":{"adultMonths":[5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]},"HIGH":{"adultMonths":[6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[7,8,9,10]},"TRANS":{"adultMonths":[6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[1,5,7,8,9,10,11,12]}},"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","refs":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}]},{"id":"salt-marsh-moth","name":"Salt Marsh Moth","scientific":"Estigmene acrea","kind":"moth","wiki":"Estigmene_acrea","adultId":"A white tiger moth with small black dots on the forewings and a bright orange-yellow abdomen with black spots. Males have yellow hindwings.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaId":"A fuzzy “woolly bear” caterpillar, from cream to rusty brown to nearly black, covered in long bristly hairs. Often seen crossing roads and sidewalks in fall.","larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"hosts":["Common Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)","Curly Dock (Rumex crispus)","Pigweeds (Amaranthus)","Many garden crops"],"nectar":"Adults do not feed much.","predators":"Birds, spiders, wasps, assassin bugs and dragonflies.","status":"common","facts":["Its fuzzy caterpillars are a common sight crawling across roads in fall.","Despite its name, it is just as common in fields and gardens far from any salt marsh.","Its caterpillars eat many kinds of plants, including garden crops.","The adult’s orange abdomen warns predators that it tastes bad."],"timingIn":"35a 35c 35g POST BLACK 34b","regional":{"EDW":{"adultMonths":[2,3,4,5,6,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,5,11]},"CROSS":{"adultMonths":[2,3,4,5,7,9,10],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,10,11]},"STX":{"adultMonths":[1,2,3,4,5,7,9,11],"larvaMonths":[3,4,5,10,11]},"ROLL":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaMonths":[4,5,6,10,11]},"HIGH":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaMonths":[5,6,7,9,10,11]},"TRANS":{"adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9],"larvaMonths":[6,8,9,10,11]}},"range":"ALL -24f -23a"},{"id":"vesta-crescent","name":"Vesta Crescent","scientific":"Phyciodes graphica","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Phyciodes_graphica","adultId":"A small orange-and-black crescent with fine black lines making a net-like pattern over the orange, and a pale crescent near the hindwing edge below.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaId":"A small, dark brown spiny caterpillar with pale side stripes, up to half an inch long.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"hosts":["Gregg's Tubetongue (Justicia pilosella)"],"nectar":"Small flowers like frogfruit, mistflowers and wild asters.","predators":"Birds, spiders, wasps and ambush bugs.","status":"common","facts":["Its wingspan reaches about 1.5 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Gregg's Tubetongue and other plants in the acanthus family.","Fine black lines give its orange wings a net-like look.","It flies in several generations from spring to fall."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Vesta Crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyciodes_graphica"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Vesta Crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyciodes_graphica"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Vesta Crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyciodes_graphica"}]},"range":"CENTRAL STX TRANS HIGH BLACK RGV SCP 26c -25i -26c -27h -29d -32b -32c -34b","timingIn":"CENTRAL STX TRANS HIGH BLACK RGV SCP 26c -25i -26c -27h -29d -32b -32c -34b"},{"id":"texan-crescent","name":"Texan Crescent","scientific":"Anthanassa texana","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Anthanassa_texana","adultId":"A dark brown-black crescent with rows of small white spots and a few rusty-orange spots near the body; it often perches with wings spread flat.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaId":"A dark, spiny caterpillar, black to gray with fine pale speckles, up to 0.7 inch long.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"hosts":["Gregg's Tubetongue (Justicia pilosella)","Violet Wild Petunia (Ruellia nudiflora)","Shrimp plants and other acanthus-family plants (Justicia, Dicliptera)"],"nectar":"Mistflowers, frogfruit, lantana and other small flowers.","predators":"Birds, spiders and wasps.","status":"common","facts":["Its wingspan reaches about 1.9 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Gregg's Tubetongue and other acanthus-family plants.","Males perch low and dart out at passing butterflies.","Unlike most crescents, it is mostly black with white spots."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Texan Crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthanassa_texana"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Texan Crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthanassa_texana"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Texan Crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthanassa_texana"}]},"range":"STX RGV EDW BLACK CP SCP CROSS TRANS POST 34h","timingIn":"STX RGV EDW BLACK CP SCP CROSS TRANS POST 34h","imageUrl":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/171234066/medium.jpeg","adultImageUrl":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/171234066/medium.jpeg","photoCredit":"Bill Levine (CC BY), via iNaturalist"},{"id":"tiny-checkerspot","name":"Tiny Checkerspot","scientific":"Microtia dymas","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Microtia_dymas","adultId":"One of the smallest checkerspots: orange and black above, with a bold white band and a black line along the edge of the hindwing below.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaId":"A tiny, spiny caterpillar, dark with pale bands.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"hosts":["Gregg's Tubetongue (Justicia pilosella)","Tubetongues and other acanthus-family plants (Siphonoglossa)"],"nectar":"Small desert flowers.","predators":"Birds, spiders and robber flies.","status":"uncommon","facts":["It is one of the smallest checkerspots in North America.","Its caterpillars eat Gregg's Tubetongue.","It lives in dry brush and desert in South and West Texas.","It was formerly placed in the genus Dymasia."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Tiny Checkerspot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtia_dymas"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Tiny Checkerspot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtia_dymas"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Tiny Checkerspot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtia_dymas"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Tiny Checkerspot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtia_dymas"}]},"range":"TRANS STX 30d 30a","timingIn":"TRANS STX 30d 30a"},{"id":"elada-checkerspot","name":"Elada Checkerspot","scientific":"Microtia elada","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Texola_elada","adultId":"A small checkerspot, orange with neat black checks and white spots near the wing edges; underside checkered in orange, white and black.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaId":"A small, spiny, dark caterpillar with pale lines.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"hosts":["Gregg's Tubetongue (Justicia pilosella)","Other acanthus-family plants (Siphonoglossa)"],"nectar":"Small flowers in brushland.","predators":"Birds, spiders and wasps.","status":"common","facts":["Its caterpillars eat Gregg's Tubetongue.","It lives in brushland of South and West Texas.","It was long known as Texola elada.","Its underside is checkered in orange, white and black."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Elada Checkerspot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texola_elada"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Elada Checkerspot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texola_elada"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Elada Checkerspot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texola_elada"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Elada Checkerspot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texola_elada"}]},"range":"STX TRANS EDW RGV","timingIn":"STX TRANS EDW RGV"},{"id":"malachite","name":"Malachite","scientific":"Siproeta stelenes","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Siproeta_stelenes","adultId":"A large, unmistakable butterfly with bright green to yellow-green patches on dark brown wings and a short tail on each hindwing.","adultMonths":[5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaId":"A black, spiny caterpillar with red-orange bumps and two long, curved horns on its head, up to 1.6 inches long.","larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"hosts":["Violet Wild Petunia (Ruellia nudiflora)","Green shrimp plant (Blechum pyramidatum)"],"nectar":"Rotting fruit, bat droppings and flowers.","predators":"Birds and lizards.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan reaches about 4 inches.","Its caterpillars eat wild petunias, including Runyon's Wild Petunia.","Its spiny black caterpillar has two long, curved horns on its head.","It is named for the green mineral malachite."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Malachite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siproeta_stelenes"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Malachite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siproeta_stelenes"}]},"range":"RGV 34d","timingIn":"RGV 34d","level":2},{"id":"tulcis-crescent","name":"Tulcis Crescent (Pale-banded Crescent)","scientific":"Anthanassa tulcis","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Anthanassa_tulcis","adultId":"A small dark crescent with a broad cream to white band across both wings above.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaId":"A small, spiny, dark caterpillar.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"hosts":["Violet Wild Petunia (Ruellia nudiflora)","Other acanthus-family plants"],"nectar":"Small flowers in thorn forest.","predators":"Birds, spiders and wasps.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its caterpillars eat Runyon's Wild Petunia.","In Texas it lives mainly in the Lower Rio Grande Valley.","A pale cream band crosses its dark wings.","It is also called the Pale-banded Crescent."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Tulcis Crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthanassa_tulcis"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Tulcis Crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthanassa_tulcis"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Tulcis Crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthanassa_tulcis"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Tulcis Crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthanassa_tulcis"}]},"range":"RGV","timingIn":"RGV"},{"id":"banded-peacock","name":"Banded Peacock","scientific":"Anartia fatima","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Anartia_fatima","adultId":"A dark brown butterfly with a broad cream to yellow band across both wings, small white spots near the tips and red marks near the edges.","adultMonths":[5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaId":"A black, spiny caterpillar with lines of pale spots.","larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"hosts":["Violet Wild Petunia (Ruellia nudiflora)","Green shrimp plant (Blechum pyramidatum)"],"nectar":"Small flowers in moist, weedy areas.","predators":"Birds and lizards.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its caterpillars eat wild petunias.","It strays north into the Rio Grande Valley from Mexico.","A broad cream band crosses its dark brown wings.","It is common through Central America."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Banded Peacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anartia_fatima"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Banded Peacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anartia_fatima"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Banded Peacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anartia_fatima"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Banded Peacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anartia_fatima"}]},"range":"RGV 34d","timingIn":"RGV 34d"},{"id":"soldier","name":"Soldier","scientific":"Danaus eresimus","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Danaus_eresimus","adultId":"A dark mahogany cousin of the Queen with faint dark veins on the upperside and a band of pale smudges on the hindwing below.","adultMonths":[6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaId":"Like a Queen caterpillar: banded in black, white and yellow with three pairs of black filaments.","larvaMonths":[6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"hosts":["Antelopehorn Milkweed (Asclepias asperula)","Butterfly Weed (Asclepias tuberosa)","Climbing milkweeds (Funastrum)"],"nectar":"Mistflowers, heliotrope and lantana.","predators":"Few; like the Monarch it tastes bad to birds.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its caterpillars eat milkweeds, including Antelopehorn and Butterfly Weed.","It is a close cousin of the Monarch and Queen.","Faint dark veins on its upperside set it apart from the Queen.","In Texas it is mostly found in the Rio Grande Valley."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Soldier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danaus_eresimus"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Soldier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danaus_eresimus"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Soldier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danaus_eresimus"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Soldier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danaus_eresimus"}]},"range":"RGV 34d 34b STX 34h -31c -34b -34h","timingIn":"RGV 34d 34b STX 34h -31c -34b -34h"},{"id":"little-metalmark","name":"Little Metalmark","scientific":"Calephelis virginiensis","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Calephelis_virginiensis","adultId":"A tiny rusty-orange butterfly with lines of shiny metallic silver marks across the wings.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaId":"A small, pale, fuzzy caterpillar covered in long whitish hairs, up to half an inch long.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"hosts":["Yellow Thistle (Cirsium horridulum)"],"nectar":"Small flowers in coastal prairies and pine flatwoods.","predators":"Spiders and ambush bugs.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan is only about 1 inch.","Its caterpillars eat Yellow Thistle.","Its wings have rows of shiny metallic marks.","It lives in coastal prairies and open pine woods."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Little Metalmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calephelis_virginiensis"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Little Metalmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calephelis_virginiensis"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Little Metalmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calephelis_virginiensis"}]},"range":"CP MARSH 34b 34d PINEY","timingIn":"CP MARSH 34b 34d PINEY","level":2},{"id":"mylitta-crescent","name":"Mylitta Crescent","scientific":"Phyciodes mylitta","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Phyciodes_mylitta","adultId":"A bright orange crescent with fine black lines and few dark marks, paler and more open than the Pearl Crescent.","adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaId":"A black, spiny caterpillar with pale speckles, up to 0.9 inch long.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"hosts":["Texas Thistle (Cirsium texanum)","Other thistles (Cirsium)"],"nectar":"Thistles and other flowers.","predators":"Birds and spiders.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan reaches about 1.5 inches.","Its caterpillars eat thistles, including Texas Thistle.","In Texas it lives mainly in the western mountains.","It is one of the most widespread crescents in the West."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Mylitta Crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyciodes_mylitta"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Mylitta Crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyciodes_mylitta"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Mylitta Crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyciodes_mylitta"}]},"range":"TRANS 25k","timingIn":"TRANS 25k"},{"id":"dainty-sulphur","name":"Dainty Sulphur","scientific":"Nathalis iole","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Nathalis_iole","adultId":"North America's smallest sulphur: pale yellow with black bars along the forewing edge; it flies low, close to the ground.","adultMonths":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaId":"A slender green caterpillar with a purple-red stripe along each side, up to 0.6 inch long.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"hosts":["Bitterweed (Helenium amarum)","Other small asters (Thymophylla, Bidens)"],"nectar":"Small low flowers.","predators":"Spiders and birds.","status":"common","facts":["It is the smallest sulphur butterfly in North America.","Its caterpillars eat Bitterweed.","Its caterpillar is green with a purple-red side stripe.","It flies low over bare, open ground."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Dainty Sulphur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathalis_iole"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Dainty Sulphur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathalis_iole"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Dainty Sulphur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathalis_iole"}]},"timingIn":"ALL -23a -24b -24f","range":"ALL -23a -24b -24f","level":2},{"id":"silvery-checkerspot","name":"Silvery Checkerspot","scientific":"Chlosyne nycteis","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Chlosyne_nycteis","adultId":"An orange-and-black checkerspot with a row of white-centered dots near the hindwing edge and a silvery-white crescent on the hindwing below.","adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaId":"A black, spiny caterpillar with a dull orange stripe on each side, up to 1 inch long.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"hosts":["Black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta)","Sunflowers and crownbeard (Helianthus, Verbesina)","Common Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)","Frostweed (Verbesina virginica)"],"nectar":"Milkweeds, dogbane and other flowers.","predators":"Birds and spiders.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan reaches about 2 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Black-eyed Susan.","Young caterpillars feed together in groups.","A silvery crescent marks the underside of its hindwing."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Silvery Checkerspot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlosyne_nycteis"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University 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groups.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"hosts":["Black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta)","Sunflowers and cowpen daisy (Helianthus, Verbesina)","Common Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)","Maximilian Sunflower (Helianthus maximiliani)"],"nectar":"Many flowers, including mistflowers and frogfruit.","predators":"Birds and spiders.","status":"common","facts":["Its caterpillars eat Black-eyed Susan and sunflowers.","The color of its wing band varies from cream to orange.","Its young caterpillars feed together in groups.","It is one of the most common butterflies of South and West Texas."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Bordered Patch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlosyne_lacinia"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas 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mustards"],"nectar":"Mustards and early desert flowers.","predators":"Birds and spiders.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan reaches about 1.5 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Western Tansymustard.","It flies only in early spring.","Males have bright orange wingtips."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Desert Orangetip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthocharis_cethura"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University 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spring, as its name says.","In Texas it lives only in the western mountains."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Spring White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontia_sisymbrii"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Spring White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontia_sisymbrii"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Spring White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontia_sisymbrii"}]},"range":"23a 23b 24d 24b","timingIn":"23a 23b 24d 24b"},{"id":"checkered-white","name":"Checkered White","scientific":"Pontia protodice","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Pontia_protodice","adultId":"A white butterfly checkered with gray-black marks; females are more heavily marked than males.","adultMonths":[2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaId":"A slender caterpillar with yellow and blue-gray stripes and black dots, up to 1.1 inches long.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"hosts":["Virginia Pepperweed (Lepidium virginicum)","Western Tansymustard (Descurainia pinnata)","Clammyweed (Polanisia dodecandra)","Brazos Rockcress (Streptanthus petiolaris)"],"nectar":"Mustards, asters and other open-ground flowers.","predators":"Birds and spiders.","status":"common","facts":["Its wingspan reaches about 2.5 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Clammyweed, peppergrass and other mustards.","Its caterpillar is striped in yellow and blue-gray.","It favors open, dry, weedy places."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Checkered White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontia_protodice"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Checkered White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontia_protodice"}]},"timingIn":"ALL"},{"id":"desert-marble","name":"Desert Marble","scientific":"Euchloe lotta","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Euchloe_lotta","adultId":"A small white butterfly with a black bar near the forewing edge and heavy green marbling on the underside.","adultMonths":[2,3,4,5],"larvaId":"A slender green and gray caterpillar with pale side stripes.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5],"hosts":["Western Tansymustard (Descurainia pinnata)","Other desert mustards"],"nectar":"Mustards and early flowers.","predators":"Birds and spiders.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its caterpillars eat Western Tansymustard.","Green marbling covers the underside of its hindwings.","It flies in early spring in the desert.","It is a close relative of the Olympia Marble."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Desert Marble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euchloe_lotta"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Desert Marble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euchloe_lotta"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Desert Marble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euchloe_lotta"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Desert Marble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euchloe_lotta"}]},"range":"TRANS 25k","timingIn":"TRANS 25k"},{"id":"olympia-marble","name":"Olympia Marble","scientific":"Euchloe olympia","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Euchloe_olympia","adultId":"A small white butterfly with a little gray bar on the forewing and loose yellow-green marbling on the underside, with a rosy flush near the base.","adultMonths":[2,3,4,5],"larvaId":"A slender green caterpillar with gray and yellow side stripes.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5],"hosts":["Brazos Rockcress (Streptanthus petiolaris)","Western Tansymustard (Descurainia pinnata)","Rockcresses (Arabis)"],"nectar":"Mustards and spring wildflowers.","predators":"Birds and spiders.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its caterpillars eat Brazos Rockcress and tansymustard.","It flies for only a few weeks in early spring.","Its marbled underside often has a rosy flush near the body.","It lives in open prairies and rocky hills."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Olympia Marble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euchloe_olympia"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University 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petiolaris)","Bittercresses (Cardamine)"],"nectar":"Spring wildflowers.","predators":"Birds and spiders.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan reaches about 1.8 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Brazos Rockcress and peppergrass.","Its hooked, or falcate, wingtips give it its name.","It flies only in early spring."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Falcate Orangetip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthocharis_midea"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University 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dodecandra)"],"nectar":"Coastal flowers like lantana and sea oxeye.","predators":"Birds, dragonflies and spiders.","status":"common","facts":["Its wingspan reaches about 3.4 inches.","Its caterpillars eat saltworts in coastal marshes.","The tips of its antennae are bright turquoise.","Huge numbers sometimes migrate along the coast."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Great Southern White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascia_monuste"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University 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Up to 2.5 inches long.","larvaMonths":[6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"hosts":["Water Canna (Canna glauca)","Garden cannas (Canna)"],"nectar":"Lantana, firebush and other flowers.","predators":"Birds and wasps.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan reaches about 2.4 inches.","Its caterpillars grow up to 2.5 inches long.","Its caterpillars roll canna leaves into shelters.","It is also called the Canna Skipper."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Brazilian Skipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calpodes_ethlius"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Brazilian Skipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calpodes_ethlius"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Brazilian Skipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calpodes_ethlius"}]},"range":"COAST STX 35b 35f -31c","timingIn":"COAST STX 35b 35f -31c","level":2},{"id":"xami-hairstreak","name":"Xami Hairstreak","scientific":"Callophrys xami","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Callophrys_xami","adultId":"A small yellow-green hairstreak with a white line edged in brown across the underside and two short tails.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaId":"A plump, fuzzy, bright green caterpillar, up to 0.7 inch long.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"hosts":["Coastal Stonecrop (Lenophyllum texanum)","Other stonecrops (Echeveria, Sedum)"],"nectar":"Small flowers near its host.","predators":"Birds and spiders.","status":"rare","facts":["Its wingspan is about 1.3 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Coastal Stonecrop.","It is one of the rarest butterflies in Texas.","Its underside is a bright yellow-green."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Xami Hairstreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callophrys_xami"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Xami Hairstreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callophrys_xami"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Xami Hairstreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callophrys_xami"}]},"range":"RGV 34d 31c 31d 30c -30c","timingIn":"RGV 34d 31c 31d 30c -30c"},{"id":"eastern-pygmy-blue","name":"Eastern Pygmy-Blue","scientific":"Brephidium pseudofea","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Brephidium_pseudofea","adultId":"One of the tiniest butterflies in North America: dark brown with a row of black, metallic-ringed spots along the hindwing below.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaId":"A tiny, smooth, pale green caterpillar, up to 0.4 inch long.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"hosts":["Dwarf Saltwort (Salicornia bigelovii)","Other glassworts (Salicornia)"],"nectar":"Tiny salt-marsh flowers.","predators":"Spiders and ants.","status":"rare","facts":["Its wingspan is under 1 inch.","Its caterpillars eat Dwarf Saltwort and other glassworts.","It lives only in coastal salt marshes.","It is one of the smallest butterflies in North America."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Eastern Pygmy-Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brephidium_pseudofea"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Eastern Pygmy-Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brephidium_pseudofea"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Eastern Pygmy-Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brephidium_pseudofea"}]},"range":"MARSH LAGUNA 34d","timingIn":"MARSH LAGUNA 34d","level":2},{"id":"goatweed-leafwing","name":"Goatweed Leafwing","scientific":"Anaea andria","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Anaea_andria","level":2,"adultId":"A bright orange-red butterfly with pointed forewings and short tails; underneath it is brown and looks exactly like a dead leaf.","adultMonths":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaId":"A gray-green, bumpy caterpillar up to 1.3 inches long that rolls a croton leaf into a tube to hide in.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"hosts":["Hogwort (Croton capitatus)"],"nectar":"Rarely visits flowers; feeds on rotting fruit, tree sap and dung.","predators":"Birds, lizards and wasps.","status":"common","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 3.3 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Hogwort and other crotons (goatweeds), which gives it its name.","With its wings closed it looks just like a dead brown leaf.","Adults spend the winter as butterflies, so you can see them on warm winter days."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Anaea andria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaea_andria"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Anaea andria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaea_andria"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Anaea andria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaea_andria"}]},"range":"PINEY CP SCP MARSH BLACK POST CROSS EDW STX RGV ROLL","timingIn":"PINEY CP SCP MARSH BLACK POST CROSS EDW STX RGV ROLL"},{"id":"tropical-leafwing","name":"Tropical Leafwing","scientific":"Anaea aidea","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Anaea_aidea","level":2,"adultId":"A rusty-orange butterfly like the Goatweed Leafwing, but with darker markings, a scalloped wing edge and a pale spot band near the tip; dead-leaf brown underneath.","adultMonths":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaId":"A green, finely bumpy caterpillar up to 1.3 inches long that hides in a rolled croton leaf.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"hosts":["Hogwort (Croton capitatus)"],"nectar":"Rotting fruit and sap more than flowers.","predators":"Birds and lizards.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 2.5 inches.","Its caterpillars eat crotons such as Hogwort.","It lives mostly in South Texas and Mexico, and strays farther north some years.","Like other leafwings, its closed wings look like a dead leaf."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Anaea aidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaea_aidea"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Anaea aidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaea_aidea"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Anaea aidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaea_aidea"}]},"range":"SCP STX RGV","timingIn":"SCP STX RGV"},{"id":"clouded-sulphur","name":"Clouded Sulphur","scientific":"Colias philodice","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Colias_philodice","level":2,"adultId":"A clear lemon-yellow butterfly with black wing borders above; underneath, yellow with a silver spot ringed in pink on the hindwing. The Orange Sulphur is the same but orange.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaId":"A green caterpillar up to 1.3 inches long with a thin white line along each side.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"hosts":["Ground Plum (Astragalus crassicarpus)","Partridge Pea (Chamaecrista fasciculata)"],"nectar":"Clovers, asters, goldenrods and many other flowers.","predators":"Birds, spiders and wasps.","status":"common","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 2.8 inches.","Its caterpillars eat legumes like Ground Plum and Partridge Pea.","It is lemon yellow, while the very similar Orange Sulphur is orange; the two sometimes interbreed.","It usually lands with its wings closed, showing a silver spot ringed in pink."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Colias philodice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colias_philodice"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Colias philodice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colias_philodice"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Colias philodice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colias_philodice"}]},"range":"BLACK POST CROSS EDW ROLL HIGH","timingIn":"BLACK POST CROSS EDW ROLL HIGH"},{"id":"wild-indigo-duskywing","name":"Wild Indigo Duskywing","scientific":"Erynnis baptisiae","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Erynnis_baptisiae","level":2,"adultId":"A dark brown skipper, mottled with gray and black, with tiny clear spots near the forewing tip.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaId":"A pale green caterpillar with a dark head, up to 1.1 inches long, that hides in a folded leaf.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"hosts":["Wild Indigo (Baptisia spp.)"],"nectar":"Low flowers in fields and roadsides.","predators":"Birds, spiders and parasitic wasps.","status":"common","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.6 inches.","Its caterpillars eat wild indigos such as Wild Blue Indigo and Nuttall's Wild Indigo.","It is named for Baptisia, the wild indigos it was first found on.","It has spread by also feeding on Crown Vetch planted along highways."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Erynnis baptisiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erynnis_baptisiae"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Erynnis baptisiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erynnis_baptisiae"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Erynnis baptisiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erynnis_baptisiae"}]},"range":"PINEY CP SCP BLACK POST CROSS EDW","timingIn":"PINEY CP SCP BLACK POST CROSS EDW"},{"id":"frosted-elfin","name":"Frosted Elfin","scientific":"Callophrys irus","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Callophrys_irus","level":2,"adultId":"A small brown hairstreak with a frosty gray edge on the underside of the hindwing and a tiny tail-like point.","adultMonths":[3,4,5],"larvaId":"A pale green, fuzzy, slug-shaped caterpillar up to 0.7 inch long that eats the flowers and pods.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6],"hosts":["Wild Indigo (Baptisia spp.)"],"nectar":"Spring flowers near its host plants.","predators":"Spiders and ambush bugs.","status":"rare","facts":["Its wingspan is only about 1.3 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Nuttall's Wild Indigo and other wild indigos.","It flies only once a year, in early spring.","It is rare and declining across its range because its sandy, open habitats are disappearing."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Callophrys irus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callophrys_irus"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Callophrys irus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callophrys_irus"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Callophrys irus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callophrys_irus"}]},"range":"PINEY","timingIn":"PINEY"},{"id":"little-yellow","name":"Little Yellow","scientific":"Eurema lisa","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Eurema_lisa","level":2,"adultId":"A small bright yellow butterfly with black tips and edges above; underneath, yellow with a few small dark spots and two tiny dots at the base of the hindwing.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaId":"A slender green caterpillar up to 0.9 inch long with a white line along each side.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"hosts":["Partridge Pea (Chamaecrista fasciculata)","Twoleaf Senna (Senna roemeriana)","Lindheimer's Senna (Senna lindheimeriana)"],"nectar":"Low flowers of fields and roadsides.","predators":"Birds, spiders and dragonflies.","status":"common","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.5 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Partridge Pea and sennas.","It is also called Pyrisitia lisa.","It flies low and fast over open fields and moves north each summer."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Eurema lisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurema_lisa"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Eurema lisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurema_lisa"}]},"range":"PINEY CP SCP MARSH BLACK POST CROSS EDW STX ROLL 24b 24c 24d 24e 25e 26c 26d 34d","timingIn":"PINEY CP SCP MARSH BLACK POST CROSS EDW STX ROLL 24b 24c 24d 24e 25e 26c 26d 34d"},{"id":"ceraunus-blue","name":"Ceraunus Blue","scientific":"Hemiargus ceraunus","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Hemiargus_ceraunus","adultId":"A tiny blue butterfly (brown in females); gray underneath with dark dashes and one black eyespot near the edge of the hindwing.","adultMonths":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaId":"A small green, slug-shaped caterpillar up to 0.6 inch long that eats flowers and young pods.","larvaMonths":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"hosts":["Partridge Pea (Chamaecrista fasciculata)","Honey Mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa)","Fern Acacia (Acaciella angustissima)"],"nectar":"Small flowers of fields and roadsides.","predators":"Spiders and ants.","status":"common","facts":["Its wingspan is only about 1.1 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Partridge Pea flowers and seed pods.","Its hindwing underside has a single black eyespot near the edge.","It lives year-round in South Texas and spreads north in summer."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Hemiargus ceraunus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiargus_ceraunus"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Hemiargus ceraunus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiargus_ceraunus"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Hemiargus ceraunus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiargus_ceraunus"}]},"range":"CP SCP MARSH EDW STX 34d","timingIn":"CP SCP MARSH EDW STX 34d"},{"id":"dorantes-longtail","name":"Dorantes Longtail","scientific":"Cecropterus dorantes","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Cecropterus_dorantes","adultId":"A brown skipper with long tails and see-through spots on the forewing; unlike the Long-tailed Skipper it has no blue-green on the body or wings.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaId":"A yellowish caterpillar up to 1.5 inches long with dark lines and a big black head.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"hosts":["Panicledleaf Ticktrefoil (Desmodium paniculatum)","Simpleleaf Ticktrefoil (Desmodium psilophyllum)"],"nectar":"Lantana and other garden flowers.","predators":"Birds and spiders.","status":"common","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.8 inches.","Its caterpillars eat ticktrefoils and other legumes.","It looks like the Long-tailed Skipper but has no blue-green shine.","It was long called Urbanus dorantes."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Cecropterus dorantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecropterus_dorantes"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Cecropterus dorantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecropterus_dorantes"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Cecropterus dorantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecropterus_dorantes"}]},"range":"CP SCP EDW","timingIn":"CP SCP EDW"},{"id":"chisos-banded-skipper","name":"Chisos Banded-Skipper","scientific":"Cecropterus cincta","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Cecropterus_cincta","level":2,"adultId":"A dark brown skipper with a pale yellow band across each forewing and a bright white fringe on the hindwings.","adultMonths":[6,7,8,9],"larvaId":"A reddish-brown caterpillar up to 1.4 inches long with a black head.","larvaMonths":[6,7,8,9,10],"hosts":["Simpleleaf Ticktrefoil (Desmodium psilophyllum)"],"nectar":"Mountain wildflowers.","predators":"Birds and spiders.","status":"rare","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 2 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Simpleleaf Ticktrefoil.","In the U.S. it lives only in the Chisos Mountains of Big Bend.","It was long called Autochton cincta."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Cecropterus cincta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecropterus_cincta"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University 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paniculatum)","Simpleleaf Ticktrefoil (Desmodium psilophyllum)"],"nectar":"Low flowers along woodland edges.","predators":"Birds and spiders.","status":"common","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.9 inches.","Its caterpillars eat ticktrefoils and other legumes.","Its forewing spots are small and scattered, not lined up in a band.","It was long called Thorybes pylades."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Northern Cloudywing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorybes_pylades"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Thorybes pylades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorybes_pylades"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Thorybes pylades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorybes_pylades"}]},"range":"PINEY CP SCP BLACK POST CROSS EDW 23a 23b 24d","timingIn":"PINEY CP SCP BLACK POST CROSS EDW 23a 23b 24d","inat":"Cecropterus pylades"},{"id":"eastern-tailed-blue","name":"Eastern Tailed-Blue","scientific":"Everes comyntas","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Cupido_comyntas","level":2,"adultId":"A tiny blue butterfly (gray-brown in females) with a thread-like tail and orange spots near it on the hindwing.","adultMonths":[2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaId":"A small, fuzzy, slug-shaped caterpillar, green to brown, up to half an inch long.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"hosts":["Texas Bluebonnet (Lupinus texensis)","Panicledleaf Ticktrefoil (Desmodium paniculatum)"],"nectar":"Small flowers of lawns and fields.","predators":"Spiders and ants.","status":"common","facts":["Its wingspan is only about 1.1 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Texas Bluebonnet and other legumes.","It is the only common small blue in the East with tiny hindwing tails.","It is also called Cupido comyntas."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Eastern Tailed-Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupido_comyntas"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Eastern tailed-blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupido_comyntas"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Eastern tailed-blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupido_comyntas"}]},"range":"PINEY CP SCP BLACK POST CROSS EDW STX 27h 27j","timingIn":"PINEY CP SCP BLACK POST CROSS EDW STX 27h 27j","inat":"Everes comyntas"},{"id":"orange-barred-sulphur","name":"Orange-barred Sulphur","scientific":"Phoebis philea","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Phoebis_philea","level":2,"adultId":"A big yellow butterfly; males have an orange bar on the forewing and orange edges on the hindwing; females are yellow to orange with dark spots.","adultMonths":[6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaId":"A green caterpillar up to 2 inches long with a yellow-and-black band along each side.","larvaMonths":[7,8,9,10,11],"hosts":["Lindheimer's Senna (Senna lindheimeriana)"],"nectar":"Red tubular flowers such as hibiscus and Turk's cap.","predators":"Birds and spiders.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 4 inches.","Its caterpillars eat sennas such as Lindheimer's Senna.","Males have a bright orange bar across the forewing.","It is a tropical butterfly that reaches Texas mostly from Mexico."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Phoebis philea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebis_philea"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University 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Texas Indian Mallow.","It lives year-round in South Texas.","It is smaller and grayer than the Gray Hairstreak, with dark spots on the hindwing."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Strymon istapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strymon_istapa"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Strymon istapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strymon_istapa"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Strymon istapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strymon_istapa"}]},"range":"SCP EDW STX RGV","timingIn":"SCP EDW STX RGV"},{"id":"laviana-white-skipper","name":"Laviana White-Skipper","scientific":"Heliopetes laviana","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Heliopetes_laviana","level":2,"adultId":"A white skipper with dark forewing tips; underneath, the hindwing has a sharp olive-brown outer half.","adultMonths":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaId":"A pale, whitish caterpillar up to 1.3 inches long with a dark head.","larvaMonths":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"hosts":["Texas Indian Mallow (Abutilon fruticosum)"],"nectar":"Lantana and brushland flowers.","predators":"Birds and spiders.","status":"common","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.6 inches.","Its caterpillars eat mallows such as Texas Indian Mallow.","It lives in South Texas brushland and the Rio Grande Valley.","Its hindwing underside is white with a sharply cut brown outer half."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Heliopetes laviana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliopetes_laviana"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Heliopetes laviana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliopetes_laviana"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Heliopetes laviana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliopetes_laviana"}]},"range":"STX RGV","timingIn":"STX RGV"},{"id":"common-checkered-skipper","name":"Common Checkered-Skipper","scientific":"Burnsius communis","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Burnsius_communis","level":2,"adultId":"A small skipper checkered black and white; males have a bluish-gray body and hairs.","adultMonths":[2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaId":"A brown, fuzzy caterpillar up to 1 inch long with a black head.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"hosts":["Wright's False Mallow (Malvastrum aurantiacum)","Winecup (Callirhoe involucrata)","Copper Globemallow (Sphaeralcea angustifolia)","Arrowleaf Sida (Sida rhombifolia)"],"nectar":"Asters, verbenas and other low flowers.","predators":"Birds and spiders.","status":"common","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.5 inches.","Its caterpillars eat mallows such as Wright's False Mallow.","It was long called Pyrgus communis.","Males patrol sunny weedy spots, chasing other butterflies away."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Burnsius communis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnsius_communis"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Burnsius communis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnsius_communis"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Burnsius communis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnsius_communis"}]},"range":"CP SCP MARSH BLACK POST CROSS EDW STX ROLL HIGH TRANS 35a 35e","timingIn":"CP SCP MARSH BLACK POST CROSS EDW STX ROLL HIGH TRANS 35a 35e"},{"id":"tropical-checkered-skipper","name":"Tropical Checkered-Skipper","scientific":"Burnsius oileus","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Burnsius_oileus","level":2,"adultId":"Almost identical to the Common Checkered-Skipper, but males have long hairs on the forewing and the white spots are smaller.","adultMonths":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaId":"A yellow-green, fuzzy caterpillar up to 1 inch long with a black head.","larvaMonths":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"hosts":["Wright's False Mallow (Malvastrum aurantiacum)","Arrowleaf Sida (Sida rhombifolia)"],"nectar":"Low flowers of fields and roadsides.","predators":"Birds and spiders.","status":"common","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.5 inches.","Its caterpillars eat mallows such as Wright's False Mallow.","It was long called Pyrgus oileus.","It is very hard to tell from the Common Checkered-Skipper without a close look."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Burnsius oileus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnsius_oileus"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Burnsius oileus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnsius_oileus"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Burnsius oileus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnsius_oileus"}]},"range":"SCP STX","timingIn":"SCP STX"},{"id":"texas-powdered-skipper","name":"Texas Powdered-Skipper","scientific":"Systasea pulverulenta","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Systasea_pulverulenta","level":2,"adultId":"A small orange-brown skipper with jagged, scalloped hindwings, clear spots and a dusting of pale scales.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaId":"A grayish-green caterpillar up to 1 inch long with pale stripes and a reddish-brown head.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"hosts":["Texas Indian Mallow (Abutilon fruticosum)","Copper Globemallow (Sphaeralcea angustifolia)"],"nectar":"Low flowers in brush.","predators":"Birds and spiders.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.4 inches.","Its caterpillars eat mallows such as Copper Globemallow.","Its scalloped hindwing edges make it easy to recognize.","It is found mostly in South and West Texas and Mexico."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Systasea pulverulenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systasea_pulverulenta"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Systasea pulverulenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systasea_pulverulenta"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Systasea pulverulenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systasea_pulverulenta"}]},"range":"EDW STX RGV TRANS","timingIn":"EDW STX RGV TRANS"},{"id":"common-streaky-skipper","name":"Common Streaky-Skipper","scientific":"Celotes nessus","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Celotes_nessus","level":2,"adultId":"A tiny skipper with brown and white streaks that radiate out to the wing edges, and a checkered fringe.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaId":"A small green caterpillar up to 0.8 inch long with a black head.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"hosts":["Copper Globemallow (Sphaeralcea angustifolia)","Texas Indian Mallow (Abutilon fruticosum)","Wright's False Mallow (Malvastrum aurantiacum)"],"nectar":"Low flowers in dry brush.","predators":"Birds and spiders.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan is only about 1.2 inches.","Its caterpillars eat mallows such as Copper Globemallow.","Its wings are streaked in lines that run out to the edges.","It lives in dry brush and desert from Texas to Arizona and Mexico."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Celotes nessus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celotes_nessus"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University 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humilis)"],"nectar":"Small flowers in brush.","predators":"Spiders and ants.","status":"rare","facts":["Its wingspan is only about 1.1 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Pigeonberry.","In the U.S. it is found only in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, and rarely.","Its underside is a bright leaf green."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Cyanophrys goodsoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanophrys_goodsoni"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University 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Buckwheat, not lupines.","The West Texas form is called the \"Texan\" Lupine Blue (Icaricia lupini texanus).","Ants tend its caterpillars for the sugary liquid they give off."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Icaricia lupini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icaricia_lupini"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Icaricia lupini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icaricia_lupini"}]},"range":"HIGH 23a 23b 24b 24c 24d","timingIn":"HIGH 23a 23b 24b 24c 24d"},{"id":"white-peacock","name":"White Peacock","scientific":"Anartia jatrophae","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Anartia_jatrophae","level":2,"adultId":"A white butterfly with pale tan scalloped edges, one black spot on each forewing and two on each hindwing.","adultMonths":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaId":"A black, spiny caterpillar up to 1.4 inches long with rows of silvery dots and orange spines.","larvaMonths":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"hosts":["Water Hyssop (Bacopa monnieri)","Frogfruit (Phyla nodiflora)"],"nectar":"Lantana, frogfruit and other low flowers.","predators":"Birds and lizards.","status":"common","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 2.8 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Water Hyssop and Frogfruit.","It lives year-round in South Texas and strays north along the coast.","It is a close relative of the Banded Peacock."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Anartia jatrophae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anartia_jatrophae"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"},{"label":"Wikipedia: Anartia jatrophae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anartia_jatrophae"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Anartia jatrophae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anartia_jatrophae"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Anartia jatrophae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anartia_jatrophae"}]},"range":"CP SCP MARSH LAGUNA EDW STX RGV","timingIn":"CP SCP MARSH LAGUNA EDW STX RGV"},{"id":"fulvia-checkerspot","name":"Fulvia Checkerspot","scientific":"Chlosyne fulvia","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Chlosyne_fulvia","level":2,"adultId":"A small orange-and-black checkerspot; underneath, the hindwing has rows of creamy white spots outlined in black.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaId":"A black, spiny caterpillar up to 0.8 inch long with yellow-orange spots.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"hosts":["Wholeleaf Indian Paintbrush (Castilleja integra)"],"nectar":"Daisies and other desert flowers.","predators":"Birds and spiders.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.9 inches.","Its caterpillars eat paintbrushes such as Wholeleaf Indian Paintbrush.","It lives in dry grasslands and deserts from West Texas to Arizona.","Its hindwing underside has bold creamy spots outlined in black."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Chlosyne fulvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlosyne_fulvia"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Chlosyne fulvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlosyne_fulvia"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Chlosyne fulvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlosyne_fulvia"}]},"range":"23a 23b 24b 24c 24d 24e 26a 26b","timingIn":"23a 23b 24b 24c 24d 24e 26a 26b"},{"id":"dotted-checkerspot","name":"Dotted Checkerspot","scientific":"Poladryas minuta","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Poladryas","level":2,"adultId":"A small orange checkerspot with black marks; underneath, the hindwing has a row of white spots each with a tiny black dot.","adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9],"larvaId":"An orange caterpillar up to 0.8 inch long with black spines.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9],"hosts":["Beard-lip Penstemon (Penstemon barbatus)"],"nectar":"Small flowers near its penstemon hosts.","predators":"Birds and spiders.","status":"rare","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.9 inches.","Its caterpillars eat penstemons such as Beard-lip Penstemon.","The tiny black dots inside its white hindwing spots give it its name.","It is a local, uncommon butterfly of dry, rocky hills."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Dotted Checkerspot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poladryas"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Poladryas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poladryas"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Poladryas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poladryas"}]},"range":"23a 23b 24c 24d","timingIn":"23a 23b 24c 24d","inat":"Poladryas minuta"},{"id":"zebra-swallowtail","name":"Zebra Swallowtail","scientific":"Eurytides marcellus","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Protographium_marcellus","level":2,"adultId":"A white swallowtail with bold black stripes like a zebra, very long sword-like tails, and a red stripe and blue spots near the tails.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9],"larvaId":"A plump caterpillar up to 1.8 inches long, green to dark with fine yellow, black and white bands across the body.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9],"hosts":["Pawpaw (Asimina triloba)","Small-flower Pawpaw (Asimina parviflora)"],"nectar":"Blueberry, redbud, milkweeds and other flowers; males sip at wet mud.","predators":"Birds, spiders and wasps.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 4 inches.","Its caterpillars eat only pawpaws.","Its spring adults are smaller and paler, with shorter tails, than its summer adults.","It rarely strays far from the pawpaw thickets of creek bottoms."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Zebra Swallowtail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protographium_marcellus"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Protographium marcellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protographium_marcellus"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Protographium marcellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protographium_marcellus"}]},"range":"PINEY 34a","timingIn":"PINEY 34a","inat":"Eurytides marcellus"},{"id":"spring-azure","name":"Spring Azure","scientific":"Celastrina ladon","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Celastrina_ladon","level":2,"adultId":"A small, pale sky-blue butterfly, one of the first of spring; underneath, pale gray-white with small dark dots and dashes.","adultMonths":[2,3,4,5],"larvaId":"A small, slug-shaped caterpillar up to 0.6 inch long, pink to red or green with a pale stripe, that eats flower buds.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6],"hosts":["Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida)","Roughleaf Dogwood (Cornus drummondii)","Rusty Blackhaw (Viburnum rufidulum)"],"nectar":"Dogwood, blackhaw, wild plum and other spring flowers.","predators":"Spiders and ants.","status":"common","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.4 inches.","Its caterpillars eat the flower buds of Flowering Dogwood.","Ants tend its caterpillars, drinking a sugary liquid the caterpillars give off and guarding them in return.","It is one of the first butterflies to fly in early spring."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Celastrina ladon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celastrina_ladon"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Celastrina ladon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celastrina_ladon"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Celastrina ladon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celastrina_ladon"}]},"range":"PINEY CP SCP MARSH BLACK POST CROSS EDW ROLL","timingIn":"PINEY CP SCP MARSH BLACK POST CROSS EDW ROLL"},{"id":"juniper-hairstreak","name":"Juniper Hairstreak","scientific":"Callophrys gryneus","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Callophrys_gryneus","level":2,"adultId":"A small hairstreak that is bright olive-green underneath (\"Olive\" form) or brown (\"Siva\" form, in West Texas), with a white line and two tiny tails on the hindwing.","adultMonths":[2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaId":"A green caterpillar up to 0.7 inch long with white, slanted bars, perfectly hidden among juniper scales.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"hosts":["Ashe Juniper (Juniperus ashei)","Eastern Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana)","Redberry Juniper (Juniperus pinchotii)","Alligator Juniper (Juniperus deppeana)"],"nectar":"Small flowers near junipers.","predators":"Spiders and birds.","status":"common","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.3 inches.","Its caterpillars eat junipers such as Ashe Juniper.","Two subspecies live in Texas: the green \"Olive\" (C. g. gryneus) and the brown \"Siva\" (C. g. siva) of West Texas. Their caterpillars look almost the same.","Adults often perch high on juniper trees, where their green color hides them."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Callophrys gryneus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callophrys_gryneus"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University 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flowers.","predators":"Spiders and birds.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.3 inches.","Its caterpillars eat the flowers and young pods of Redbud.","It flies only once a year, in early spring.","It is named for Joseph Henry, the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Callophrys henrici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callophrys_henrici"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Callophrys henrici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callophrys_henrici"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Callophrys henrici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callophrys_henrici"}]},"range":"PINEY CP SCP MARSH BLACK POST CROSS EDW ROLL","timingIn":"PINEY CP SCP MARSH BLACK POST CROSS EDW ROLL"},{"id":"large-orange-sulphur","name":"Large Orange Sulphur","scientific":"Phoebis agarithe","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Phoebis_agarithe","level":2,"adultId":"A large, bright orange butterfly (females can be pale); underneath, the forewing has a straight, unbroken line, unlike the Cloudless Sulphur.","adultMonths":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaId":"A green caterpillar up to 1.5 inches long with a yellow line along each side.","larvaMonths":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"hosts":["Texas Ebony (Ebenopsis ebano)"],"nectar":"Lantana, hibiscus and other bright flowers.","predators":"Birds and spiders.","status":"common","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 3.4 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Texas Ebony.","Underneath, its forewing has a straight line where the Cloudless Sulphur's is broken.","It lives year-round in South Texas and strays north in late summer and fall."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Phoebis agarithe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebis_agarithe"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Phoebis agarithe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebis_agarithe"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Phoebis agarithe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoebis_agarithe"}]},"range":"RGV 31c 31d","timingIn":"RGV 31c 31d"},{"id":"coyote-cloudywing","name":"Coyote Cloudywing","scientific":"Cecropterus coyote","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Achalarus_toxeus","level":2,"adultId":"A plain brown skipper with a faint darker band on the forewing and a white fringe on the hindwing.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaId":"A brown caterpillar up to 1.2 inches long with fine pale stripes and a dark head.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"hosts":["Texas Ebony (Ebenopsis ebano)"],"nectar":"Brushland flowers.","predators":"Birds and spiders.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.9 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Texas Ebony.","It was long called Achalarus toxeus.","In the U.S. it lives mostly in South Texas."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Coyote Cloudywing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achalarus_toxeus"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University 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bands, while the similar Marine Blue has bands across the whole wing.","It lives year-round in the Rio Grande Valley."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Leptotes cassius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptotes_cassius"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Leptotes cassius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptotes_cassius"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Leptotes cassius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptotes_cassius"}]},"range":"RGV 31c 31d","timingIn":"RGV 31c 31d"},{"id":"marine-blue","name":"Marine Blue","scientific":"Leptotes marina","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Leptotes_marina","level":2,"adultId":"A tiny butterfly, purplish-blue above; underneath, striped all over with wavy brown and white lines, with two eyespots near the hindwing edge.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaId":"A small, slug-shaped caterpillar up to 0.5 inch long, green to brown, that eats flowers and young pods.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"hosts":["Honey Mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa)"],"nectar":"Small flowers in dry country.","predators":"Spiders and ants.","status":"common","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.1 inches.","Its caterpillars eat legumes such as Honey Mesquite.","Its underside is covered in wavy stripes like ripples, which gives it its name.","It spreads north from Mexico each summer."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Leptotes marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptotes_marina"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Leptotes marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptotes_marina"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Leptotes marina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptotes_marina"}]},"range":"SCP BLACK CROSS EDW STX RGV ROLL HIGH TRANS","timingIn":"SCP BLACK CROSS EDW STX RGV ROLL HIGH TRANS"},{"id":"palmers-metalmark","name":"Palmer's Metalmark","scientific":"Apodemia palmerii","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Apodemia_palmeri","level":2,"adultId":"A tiny butterfly, orange-brown and gray, checkered with white spots, with an orange edge to the wings.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaId":"A blue-green caterpillar up to 0.6 inch long with a pale yellow line along each side and short hairs.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"hosts":["Honey Mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa)","Screwbean Mesquite (Prosopis pubescens)"],"nectar":"Small flowers near mesquite.","predators":"Spiders and birds.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.1 inches.","Its caterpillars eat mesquites such as Honey Mesquite.","Its caterpillars hide in a shelter of mesquite leaves tied together with silk.","It lives in dry deserts and brush from Texas to California."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Palmer's Metalmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apodemia_palmeri"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Apodemia palmeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apodemia_palmeri"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Apodemia palmeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apodemia_palmeri"}]},"range":"STX RGV TRANS 30d","timingIn":"STX RGV TRANS 30d","inat":"Apodemia palmerii"},{"id":"leda-ministreak","name":"Leda Ministreak","scientific":"Ministrymon leda","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Ministrymon_leda","level":2,"adultId":"A tiny gray hairstreak with two thin tails, an orange-red line and a few orange spots near the hindwing edge.","adultMonths":[5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaId":"A tiny green, slug-shaped caterpillar that eats mesquite leaves.","larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"hosts":["Honey Mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa)","Screwbean Mesquite (Prosopis pubescens)"],"nectar":"Small flowers near mesquite.","predators":"Spiders and ants.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan is only about 1 inch.","Its caterpillars eat mesquites such as Honey Mesquite.","Its summer form is pale gray; its fall form is darker.","It lives in the deserts of the Southwest and Mexico."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Ministrymon leda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministrymon_leda"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Ministrymon leda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministrymon_leda"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Ministrymon leda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministrymon_leda"}]},"range":"TRANS 30d","timingIn":"TRANS 30d"},{"id":"reakirts-blue","name":"Reakirt's Blue","scientific":"Echinargus isola","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Echinargus","level":2,"adultId":"A tiny blue butterfly (brown in females); underneath, gray with a row of five round black spots ringed in white across the forewing.","adultMonths":[2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaId":"A tiny green, slug-shaped caterpillar that eats flowers and seeds.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"hosts":["Honey Mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa)","Feather Dalea (Dalea formosa)","Sunshine Mimosa (Mimosa strigillosa)","Black Dalea (Dalea frutescens)","Fern Acacia (Acaciella angustissima)"],"nectar":"Small flowers of fields and roadsides.","predators":"Spiders and ants.","status":"common","facts":["Its wingspan is only about 1 inch.","Its caterpillars eat legumes such as Honey Mesquite.","A row of five round black spots across the underside of its forewing is the best field mark.","It moves north from Texas and Mexico each summer, sometimes as far as Canada."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Reakirt's Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinargus"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Echinargus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinargus"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Echinargus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinargus"}]},"range":"CP SCP BLACK POST CROSS EDW STX RGV ROLL HIGH TRANS","timingIn":"CP SCP BLACK POST CROSS EDW STX RGV ROLL HIGH TRANS","inat":"Echinargus isola"},{"id":"arizona-sister","name":"Arizona Sister","scientific":"Adelpha eulalia","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Adelpha_eulalia","level":2,"adultId":"A large dark brown butterfly with a white band across both wings and a bright orange patch at each forewing tip.","adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaId":"A green caterpillar up to 1.6 inches long with bristly, orange-brown, branched spines.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"hosts":["Emory Oak (Quercus emoryi)","Gambel Oak (Quercus gambelii)","Gray Oak (Quercus grisea)"],"nectar":"Rotting fruit, sap and some flowers.","predators":"Birds.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 4 inches.","Its caterpillars eat oaks such as Emory Oak and Gambel Oak.","Its pattern of white bands and orange tips resembles the California Sister of the West Coast.","In Texas it lives in the oak woodlands of the Trans-Pecos mountains."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Adelpha eulalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelpha_eulalia"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Adelpha eulalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelpha_eulalia"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Adelpha eulalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelpha_eulalia"}]},"range":"TRANS 30d","timingIn":"TRANS 30d"},{"id":"short-tailed-skipper","name":"Short-tailed Skipper","scientific":"Zestusa dorus","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Zestusa_dorus","level":2,"adultId":"A brown skipper mottled with gray, with clear glassy spots on the forewing and short, stubby tails on the hindwing.","adultMonths":[4,5,6,7],"larvaId":"A pale green caterpillar up to 1.2 inches long with pale lines and a big, round, bright red head.","larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8],"hosts":["Emory Oak (Quercus emoryi)","Gambel Oak (Quercus gambelii)"],"nectar":"Mountain wildflowers.","predators":"Birds and spiders.","status":"rare","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.6 inches.","Its caterpillars eat oaks such as Emory Oak and Gambel Oak.","It is the only short-tailed skipper in Texas, found in the oak woodlands of the Trans-Pecos mountains.","Its caterpillars live in shelters of oak leaves tied with silk."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Zestusa dorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zestusa_dorus"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Zestusa dorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zestusa_dorus"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Zestusa dorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zestusa_dorus"}]},"range":"23b 24c 24d","timingIn":"23b 24c 24d"},{"id":"polings-hairstreak","name":"Poling's Hairstreak","scientific":"Satyrium polingi","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Satyrium_polingi","level":2,"adultId":"A small brown hairstreak with a thin white line, a row of small orange spots near the hindwing edge and a short tail.","adultMonths":[5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaId":"A small, fuzzy green, slug-shaped caterpillar.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6],"hosts":["Emory Oak (Quercus emoryi)","Gray Oak (Quercus grisea)"],"nectar":"Small flowers near oaks.","predators":"Spiders and birds.","status":"rare","facts":["Its wingspan is about 1.2 inches.","Its caterpillars eat oaks such as Emory Oak.","It lives only in West Texas and nearby New Mexico and Mexico.","It is named for Otho C. Poling, an early collector of Southwest butterflies."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Satyrium polingi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyrium_polingi"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Satyrium polingi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyrium_polingi"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Satyrium polingi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyrium_polingi"}]},"range":"TRANS 30d","timingIn":"TRANS 30d"},{"id":"juvenals-duskywing","name":"Juvenal's Duskywing","scientific":"Erynnis juvenalis","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Erynnis_juvenalis","adultId":"A dark brown, mottled skipper with a few clear spots near the forewing tip; underneath, the hindwing has two pale spots near the edge.","adultMonths":[2,3,4,5],"larvaId":"A pale green caterpillar up to 1.3 inches long with tiny white dots and a big orange-red head.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7],"hosts":["Post Oak (Quercus stellata)","Bur Oak (Quercus macrocarpa)","Live Oak (Quercus virginiana)","Emory Oak (Quercus emoryi)"],"nectar":"Spring flowers such as wild plum, verbena and blueberry.","predators":"Birds and spiders.","status":"common","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.9 inches.","Its caterpillars eat oaks such as Bur Oak and Live Oak.","It flies once a year, in spring, and spends the winter as a full-grown caterpillar.","Two small pale spots on the underside of its hindwing help tell it from other duskywings."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Erynnis juvenalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erynnis_juvenalis"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Erynnis juvenalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erynnis_juvenalis"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Erynnis juvenalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erynnis_juvenalis"}]},"range":"PINEY CP SCP MARSH BLACK POST CROSS EDW ROLL 23b 24c 24d","timingIn":"PINEY CP SCP MARSH BLACK POST CROSS EDW ROLL 23b 24c 24d"},{"id":"meridian-duskywing","name":"Meridian Duskywing","scientific":"Erynnis meridianus","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Erynnis_meridianus","level":2,"adultId":"A dark brown, mottled skipper with a few small clear spots near the forewing tip; very hard to tell from other duskywings.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9],"larvaId":"A green caterpillar up to 1.3 inches long, covered in tiny white dots, with a red-orange head.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9],"hosts":["Live Oak (Quercus virginiana)","Gray Oak (Quercus grisea)","Emory Oak (Quercus emoryi)"],"nectar":"Hill Country and desert flowers.","predators":"Birds and spiders.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.9 inches.","Its caterpillars eat oaks such as Texas Live Oak (Quercus fusiformis).","It lives from the Hill Country west through the mountains of the Southwest.","Like other duskywings, it rests with its wings spread flat."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Erynnis meridianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erynnis_meridianus"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Erynnis meridianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erynnis_meridianus"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Erynnis meridianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erynnis_meridianus"}]},"range":"EDW TRANS 31a","timingIn":"EDW TRANS 31a"},{"id":"oak-hairstreak","name":"Oak Hairstreak","scientific":"Satyrium favonius","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Satyrium_favonius","level":2,"adultId":"A small gray-brown hairstreak with a thin white line, a red-orange patch and a blue spot near its short tails.","adultMonths":[4,5,6],"larvaId":"A pale green, slug-shaped caterpillar up to 0.8 inch long with faint pale lines.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5],"hosts":["Post Oak (Quercus stellata)","Live Oak (Quercus virginiana)"],"nectar":"Milkweeds, sumac and other flowers in early summer.","predators":"Spiders and birds.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.6 inches.","Its caterpillars eat oaks such as Post Oak and Live Oak.","The Texas form is the \"Northern\" Oak Hairstreak (Satyrium favonius ontario).","It flies only once a year, for a few weeks in late spring."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Satyrium favonius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyrium_favonius"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Satyrium favonius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyrium_favonius"}]},"range":"PINEY CP SCP MARSH BLACK POST CROSS EDW ROLL","timingIn":"PINEY CP SCP MARSH BLACK POST CROSS EDW ROLL"},{"id":"rocky-mountain-duskywing","name":"Rocky Mountain Duskywing","scientific":"Erynnis telemachus","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Erynnis_telemachus","level":2,"adultId":"A dark brown, mottled skipper with small clear spots near the forewing tip and a pale fringe on the hindwing.","adultMonths":[4,5,6],"larvaId":"A yellow-green caterpillar up to 1.3 inches long, covered in tiny pale dots, with a red head.","larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8],"hosts":["Gambel Oak (Quercus gambelii)"],"nectar":"Mountain wildflowers.","predators":"Birds and spiders.","status":"rare","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.8 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Gambel Oak.","In Texas it is found only in the high Trans-Pecos mountains.","It flies once a year, in spring."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Erynnis telemachus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erynnis_telemachus"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Erynnis telemachus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erynnis_telemachus"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Erynnis telemachus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erynnis_telemachus"}]},"range":"23b 24d","timingIn":"23b 24d"},{"id":"banded-hairstreak","name":"Banded Hairstreak","scientific":"Satyrium calanus","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Satyrium_calanus","level":2,"adultId":"A small gray-brown hairstreak with a band of short white-edged dashes across the underside, a blue patch and a short tail.","adultMonths":[4,5,6],"larvaId":"A green to brown, fuzzy, slug-shaped caterpillar up to 0.8 inch long with pale slanted marks.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5],"hosts":["Bur Oak (Quercus macrocarpa)","Pecan (Carya illinoinensis)","Black Walnut (Juglans nigra)"],"nectar":"Milkweeds, sumac and dogbane.","predators":"Spiders and birds.","status":"common","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.5 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Bur Oak and other oaks, hickories and walnuts.","Males perch on sunny branches in the afternoon and chase other butterflies.","It flies only once a year, in late spring and early summer."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Satyrium calanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyrium_calanus"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"},{"label":"Wikipedia: Satyrium calanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyrium_calanus"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Satyrium calanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyrium_calanus"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Satyrium calanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyrium_calanus"}]},"range":"PINEY CP SCP MARSH BLACK POST CROSS EDW ROLL","timingIn":"PINEY CP SCP MARSH BLACK POST CROSS EDW ROLL"},{"id":"sleepy-duskywing","name":"Sleepy Duskywing","scientific":"Erynnis brizo","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Erynnis_brizo","level":2,"adultId":"A gray-brown skipper with a chain-like gray band across the forewing and no clear spots.","adultMonths":[2,3,4,5],"larvaId":"A pale green caterpillar with tiny white dots and a reddish head.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7],"hosts":["Bur Oak (Quercus macrocarpa)","Post Oak (Quercus stellata)","Southern Red Oak (Quercus falcata)"],"nectar":"Spring flowers such as blueberry and wild plum.","predators":"Birds and spiders.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan is about 1.6 inches.","Its caterpillars eat oaks such as Bur Oak.","Unlike most duskywings, it has no clear spots on its forewings.","It flies once a year, in early spring."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Erynnis brizo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erynnis_brizo"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Erynnis brizo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erynnis_brizo"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Erynnis brizo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erynnis_brizo"}]},"range":"PINEY SCP BLACK POST CROSS ROLL 30a 30b 30c 34a","timingIn":"PINEY SCP BLACK POST CROSS ROLL 30a 30b 30c 34a"},{"id":"white-m-hairstreak","name":"White M Hairstreak","scientific":"Parrhasius m-album","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Parrhasius_m-album","level":2,"adultId":"A small hairstreak, brilliant blue above; gray-brown underneath with a white line that forms a \"M\" (or \"W\") near the tail and a red spot.","adultMonths":[2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaId":"A green, slug-shaped caterpillar with a dark line down the back and pale slanted stripes.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"hosts":["Post Oak (Quercus stellata)","Live Oak (Quercus virginiana)","Water Oak (Quercus nigra)"],"nectar":"Many flowers, including goldenrod and lantana.","predators":"Spiders and birds.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan is about 1.4 inches.","Its caterpillars eat oaks such as Post Oak.","Its name comes from the white \"M\" (a \"W\" when seen upside down) on the underside of its hindwing.","It is brilliant blue above, but it lands with its wings closed, so the blue is rarely seen."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Parrhasius m-album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrhasius_m-album"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Parrhasius m-album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrhasius_m-album"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Parrhasius m-album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrhasius_m-album"}]},"range":"PINEY CP SCP MARSH BLACK POST CROSS EDW ROLL","timingIn":"PINEY CP SCP MARSH BLACK POST CROSS EDW ROLL"},{"id":"eastern-comma","name":"Eastern Comma","scientific":"Polygonia comma","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Polygonia_comma","level":2,"adultId":"An orange anglewing with ragged wing edges and black spots; underneath, dead-leaf brown with a small silver comma on the hindwing. The Question Mark is bigger and has an extra dot by the comma.","adultMonths":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaId":"A spiny caterpillar up to 1.2 inches long, variable from black to greenish-white, with branched pale spines.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9],"hosts":["Cedar Elm (Ulmus crassifolia)","American Elm (Ulmus americana)","Sugarberry (Celtis laevigata)","Heartleaf Nettle (Urtica chamaedryoides)","False Nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica)"],"nectar":"Rotting fruit, tree sap and dung more than flowers.","predators":"Birds and lizards.","status":"common","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 2.5 inches.","Its caterpillars eat elms such as Cedar Elm, and nettles.","The small silver mark under its hindwing is shaped like a comma; the Question Mark adds a dot to make a \"?\".","Adults spend the winter as butterflies and fly on warm winter days."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Polygonia comma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygonia_comma"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Polygonia comma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygonia_comma"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Polygonia comma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygonia_comma"}]},"range":"PINEY CP SCP MARSH BLACK POST CROSS EDW ROLL","timingIn":"PINEY CP SCP MARSH BLACK POST CROSS EDW ROLL"},{"id":"mourning-cloak","name":"Mourning Cloak","scientific":"Nymphalis antiopa","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Nymphalis_antiopa","level":2,"adultId":"A large dark maroon-brown butterfly with a broad cream-yellow border and a row of blue spots inside it.","adultMonths":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaId":"A black, spiny caterpillar up to 2 inches long, speckled white, with a row of red-orange spots down the back. They feed in groups.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6],"hosts":["Black Willow (Salix nigra)","Eastern Cottonwood (Populus deltoides)","Cedar Elm (Ulmus crassifolia)","American Elm (Ulmus americana)","Sugarberry (Celtis laevigata)","Goodding's Willow (Salix gooddingii)"],"nectar":"Tree sap and rotting fruit; few flowers.","predators":"Birds.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 4 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Eastern Cottonwood, willows, elms and hackberries.","Adults can live 10 to 11 months, one of the longest lives of any butterfly.","It spends the winter as an adult, sheltered in bark or woodpiles, and is often the first butterfly seen in spring."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Nymphalis antiopa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphalis_antiopa"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Nymphalis antiopa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphalis_antiopa"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Nymphalis antiopa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphalis_antiopa"}]},"range":"PINEY CP SCP MARSH LAGUNA BLACK POST CROSS EDW STX RGV ROLL HIGH 23b 24a 24b 24c 24d 24e 24f","timingIn":"PINEY CP SCP MARSH LAGUNA BLACK POST CROSS EDW STX RGV ROLL HIGH 23b 24a 24b 24c 24d 24e 24f"},{"id":"soapberry-hairstreak","name":"Soapberry Hairstreak","scientific":"Satyrium alcestis","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Satyrium_alcestis","level":2,"adultId":"A small brown hairstreak; underneath, a white line forms a \"W\" near the tail, with white dashes in the middle of the wings and an orange spot by the tails.","adultMonths":[4,5,6,7],"larvaId":"A pale green, slug-shaped caterpillar up to 0.8 inch long with faint pale stripes.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5],"hosts":["Western Soapberry (Sapindus saponaria)"],"nectar":"Milkweeds and other summer flowers near soapberry.","predators":"Spiders and birds.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.5 inches.","Its caterpillars eat only Western Soapberry.","It is also called Phaeostrymon alcestis.","It rarely strays far from soapberry trees, so finding the tree is the best way to find the butterfly."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Satyrium alcestis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyrium_alcestis"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Satyrium alcestis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyrium_alcestis"}]},"range":"CP SCP BLACK POST CROSS EDW STX ROLL HIGH 23a 23b 24a 24b 24c 24d 24e","timingIn":"CP SCP BLACK POST CROSS EDW STX ROLL HIGH 23a 23b 24a 24b 24c 24d 24e"},{"id":"red-spotted-purple","name":"Red-spotted Purple","scientific":"Limenitis arthemis","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Limenitis_arthemis","level":2,"adultId":"A blue-black butterfly with an iridescent blue sheen on the hindwing and red-orange spots near the wing tips and underneath. It mimics the Pipevine Swallowtail but has no tails.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaId":"A lumpy caterpillar up to 1.6 inches long, mottled brown, olive and white like a bird dropping, with two bristly horns behind the head.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"hosts":["Black Cherry (Prunus serotina)","Chickasaw Plum (Prunus angustifolia)","Mexican Plum (Prunus mexicana)","Black Willow (Salix nigra)","Eastern Cottonwood (Populus deltoides)","American Hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana)"],"nectar":"Rotting fruit, sap, dung and some flowers.","predators":"Birds, which avoid it because it looks like the bad-tasting Pipevine Swallowtail.","status":"common","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 4 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Black Willow, Black Cherry and other cherries and plums.","It mimics the bad-tasting Pipevine Swallowtail, so birds leave it alone.","Its caterpillar looks like a bird dropping, which hides it from predators."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Limenitis arthemis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limenitis_arthemis"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Limenitis arthemis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limenitis_arthemis"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Limenitis arthemis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limenitis_arthemis"}]},"range":"PINEY CP SCP MARSH BLACK POST CROSS EDW ROLL 23a 23b 24b 24d 24f","timingIn":"PINEY CP SCP MARSH BLACK POST CROSS EDW ROLL 23a 23b 24b 24d 24f"},{"id":"viceroy","name":"Viceroy","scientific":"Limenitis archippus","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Viceroy_(butterfly)","level":2,"adultId":"An orange butterfly with black veins and a white-spotted black border, like a Monarch, but smaller, with a black line curving across the hindwing.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaId":"A lumpy caterpillar up to 1.6 inches long, mottled brown, olive and white like a bird dropping, with two bristly horns behind the head.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"hosts":["Black Willow (Salix nigra)","Eastern Cottonwood (Populus deltoides)","Goodding's Willow (Salix gooddingii)","Coyote Willow (Salix exigua)"],"nectar":"Asters, goldenrod, thistles and rotting fruit.","predators":"Birds, which avoid it because it looks like a Monarch or Queen.","status":"common","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 3.4 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Black Willow, cottonwoods and other willows.","The black line across its hindwing tells it apart from the Monarch.","In Texas, many Viceroys are dark brownish-orange like the Queen butterfly, which they mimic here."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Viceroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy_(butterfly)"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Viceroy (butterfly)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy_(butterfly)"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Viceroy (butterfly)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy_(butterfly)"}]},"range":"PINEY CP SCP MARSH LAGUNA BLACK POST CROSS EDW STX RGV ROLL HIGH 23b 24a 24b 24c 24d 24e 24f","timingIn":"PINEY CP SCP MARSH LAGUNA BLACK POST CROSS EDW STX RGV ROLL HIGH 23b 24a 24b 24c 24d 24e 24f","inat":"Limenitis archippus"},{"id":"two-tailed-swallowtail","name":"Two-tailed Swallowtail","scientific":"Papilio multicaudata","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Papilio_multicaudata","adultId":"A very large yellow swallowtail with narrow black stripes and two long tails on each hindwing; like the Eastern Tiger Swallowtail, but bigger, with thinner stripes and an extra tail.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaId":"A green caterpillar up to 2.4 inches long with a yellow-and-black band behind the head and two big eyespots.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"hosts":["Wafer Ash (Ptelea trifoliata)","Black Cherry (Prunus serotina)","Green Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica)"],"nectar":"Thistles, milkweeds, buttonbush and garden flowers.","predators":"Birds.","status":"common","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 5 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Wafer Ash and Black Cherry.","It is named for the two long tails on each hindwing.","It lives from West Texas and the Panhandle to the Rocky Mountains and Canada."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Papilio multicaudata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilio_multicaudata"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Papilio multicaudata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilio_multicaudata"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Papilio multicaudata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilio_multicaudata"}]},"range":"EDW ROLL 23a 23b 24b 24c 24d 25i 26b 26c 29e","timingIn":"EDW ROLL 23a 23b 24b 24c 24d 25i 26b 26c 29e"},{"id":"western-giant-swallowtail","name":"Western Giant Swallowtail","scientific":"Heraclides rumiko","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Papilio_rumiko","adultId":"A huge dark brown swallowtail with a bold yellow band crossing the forewings and a yellow spot in each spoon-shaped tail; almost identical to the Giant Swallowtail of East Texas.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaId":"A brown-and-white caterpillar up to 2.5 inches long that looks like a bird dropping (\"orange dog\") and pushes out red horns when disturbed.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"hosts":["Wafer Ash (Ptelea trifoliata)","Citrus (Citrus spp.), garden","Colima (Zanthoxylum fagara)"],"nectar":"Lantana, citrus blossoms and many garden flowers.","predators":"Birds.","status":"common","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 6.3 inches, among the largest U.S. butterflies.","Its caterpillars eat Wafer Ash and citrus.","It was split from the Giant Swallowtail (Papilio cresphontes) in 2014; the two meet in Central Texas.","It is also called Papilio rumiko."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Western Giant Swallowtail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilio_rumiko"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Papilio rumiko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilio_rumiko"}],"3":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}]},"range":"SCP LAGUNA EDW STX RGV 23a 24b 24c 24d","timingIn":"SCP LAGUNA EDW STX RGV 23a 24b 24c 24d","inat":"Heraclides rumiko"},{"id":"striped-hairstreak","name":"Striped Hairstreak","scientific":"Satyrium liparops","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Satyrium_liparops","level":2,"adultId":"A small brown hairstreak; underneath, the wings are crossed by many thin white stripes, with a blue patch capped in orange near the tails.","adultMonths":[4,5,6],"larvaId":"A pale green, slug-shaped caterpillar up to 0.7 inch long with faint yellow slanted lines.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5],"hosts":["Black Cherry (Prunus serotina)","Chickasaw Plum (Prunus angustifolia)","Sparkleberry (Vaccinium arboreum)"],"nectar":"Milkweeds, sumac and dogbane.","predators":"Spiders and birds.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.5 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Black Cherry, plums, blueberries and oaks.","The many thin white lines under its wings give it its name.","It flies only once a year, in late spring."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Satyrium liparops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyrium_liparops"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Satyrium liparops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyrium_liparops"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Satyrium liparops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyrium_liparops"}]},"range":"PINEY CP SCP MARSH BLACK POST CROSS EDW ROLL","timingIn":"PINEY CP SCP MARSH BLACK POST CROSS EDW ROLL"},{"id":"coral-hairstreak","name":"Coral Hairstreak","scientific":"Satyrium titus","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Satyrium_titus","level":2,"adultId":"A small plain brown hairstreak with no tails; underneath, a row of bright coral-red spots along the hindwing edge.","adultMonths":[5,6,7],"larvaId":"A green caterpillar up to 0.8 inch long, washed with rosy pink at both ends.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5],"hosts":["Chickasaw Plum (Prunus angustifolia)","Black Cherry (Prunus serotina)","Mexican Plum (Prunus mexicana)"],"nectar":"Butterfly weed and other milkweeds.","predators":"Spiders and birds.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.5 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Chickasaw Plum, Black Cherry and other wild cherries and plums.","Unlike most hairstreaks, it has no tails.","Ants tend its caterpillars, which feed at night and hide at the base of the plant by day."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Satyrium titus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyrium_titus"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Satyrium titus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyrium_titus"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Satyrium titus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyrium_titus"}]},"range":"PINEY CP SCP MARSH BLACK POST CROSS EDW ROLL HIGH","timingIn":"PINEY CP SCP MARSH BLACK POST CROSS EDW ROLL HIGH"},{"id":"eastern-pine-elfin","name":"Eastern Pine Elfin","scientific":"Callophrys niphon","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Callophrys_niphon","level":2,"adultId":"A small brown hairstreak; underneath, boldly banded and checkered with dark brown, rusty and gray, with a checkered fringe.","adultMonths":[2,3,4],"larvaId":"A green caterpillar up to 0.7 inch long with two cream stripes down each side, perfectly hidden among pine needles.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6],"hosts":["Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda)","Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris)"],"nectar":"Spring flowers near pines, such as blueberries and wild plum.","predators":"Spiders and birds.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.3 inches.","Its caterpillars eat the young needles of pines such as Loblolly Pine.","Its striped caterpillars look just like pine needles.","It flies only once a year, in early spring."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Callophrys niphon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callophrys_niphon"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Callophrys niphon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callophrys_niphon"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Callophrys niphon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callophrys_niphon"}]},"range":"PINEY 33b 33e 34a","timingIn":"PINEY 33b 33e 34a"},{"id":"horaces-duskywing","name":"Horace's Duskywing","scientific":"Erynnis horatius","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Erynnis_horatius","level":2,"adultId":"A dark brown, mottled skipper with a few clear spots on the forewing; females are paler, with more contrast. Underneath, the hindwing has no pale spots near the edge, unlike Juvenal's Duskywing.","adultMonths":[2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaId":"A pale green caterpillar up to 1.3 inches long, covered in tiny white dots, with a dark reddish-brown head.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"hosts":["Live Oak (Quercus virginiana)","Post Oak (Quercus stellata)","Water Oak (Quercus nigra)","Southern Red Oak (Quercus falcata)"],"nectar":"Many low flowers, such as verbenas and black-eyed Susans.","predators":"Birds and spiders.","status":"common","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.9 inches.","Its caterpillars eat oaks such as Coastal Live Oak.","Unlike Juvenal's Duskywing, it has several broods a year and flies from spring into fall.","It is named for the Roman poet Horace; several duskywings are named for Roman writers, like Juvenal's."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Erynnis horatius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erynnis_horatius"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Erynnis horatius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erynnis_horatius"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Erynnis horatius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erynnis_horatius"}]},"range":"PINEY CP SCP MARSH BLACK POST CROSS EDW STX ROLL","timingIn":"PINEY CP SCP MARSH BLACK POST CROSS EDW STX ROLL"},{"id":"theona-checkerspot","name":"Theona Checkerspot","scientific":"Chlosyne theona","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Chlosyne_theona","level":2,"adultId":"A small checkerspot with bands of orange and pale yellow cells outlined in black on top; underneath, the hindwing is cream with a broad orange band and black veins.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaId":"A black-and-orange caterpillar up to 0.8 inch long, speckled with white, with rows of short branched black spines. They feed in groups.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"hosts":["Cenizo (Leucophyllum frutescens)"],"nectar":"Low yellow flowers like zexmenia and other daisies.","predators":"Birds and spiders.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.8 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Cenizo.","It is also called Thessalia theona.","Its broods follow summer rains, when Cenizo puts out fresh growth."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Chlosyne theona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlosyne_theona"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Chlosyne theona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlosyne_theona"}],"3":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}]},"range":"EDW STX RGV 23b 24a 24b 24c 24d 24e","timingIn":"EDW STX RGV 23b 24a 24b 24c 24d 24e"},{"id":"ornythion-swallowtail","name":"Ornythion Swallowtail","scientific":"Heraclides ornythion","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Papilio_ornythion","level":2,"adultId":"A large black swallowtail with a broad cream-yellow band across the forewing and a yellow-spotted margin; like the Giant Swallowtail, but its yellow band is wider and paler, and the females can be all dark.","adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaId":"A brown-and-white caterpillar up to 2.2 inches long that looks like a bird dropping, with a white saddle and bumpy back.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"hosts":["Colima (Zanthoxylum fagara)","Citrus (Citrus spp.), garden"],"nectar":"Lantana and citrus blossoms.","predators":"Birds.","status":"rare","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 5.5 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Colima and citrus.","It is also called Papilio ornythion.","It is mostly a Mexican butterfly that strays into the Rio Grande Valley."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Ornythion Swallowtail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilio_ornythion"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Papilio ornythion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilio_ornythion"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Papilio ornythion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papilio_ornythion"}]},"range":"STX RGV","timingIn":"STX RGV","inat":"Heraclides ornythion"},{"id":"northern-sicklewing","name":"Northern Sicklewing","scientific":"Eantis tamenund","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Eantis_tamenund","level":2,"adultId":"A dark brown skipper with a purplish sheen, a hooked, sickle-shaped tip on the forewing and a few small glassy white spots. It rests with its wings spread flat.","adultMonths":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaId":"A pale green caterpillar up to 1.2 inches long with a thin yellow line down each side and a small dark head.","larvaMonths":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"hosts":["Colima (Zanthoxylum fagara)"],"nectar":"Mistflower, lantana and other Valley flowers.","predators":"Birds and spiders.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.8 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Colima (Lime Prickly Ash).","Its forewing tip is hooked like a sickle, giving it its name.","It is also called the Sickle-winged Skipper."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Eantis tamenund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eantis_tamenund"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Eantis tamenund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eantis_tamenund"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Eantis tamenund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eantis_tamenund"}]},"range":"RGV","timingIn":"RGV"},{"id":"chisos-metalmark","name":"Chisos Metalmark","scientific":"Apodemia chisosensis","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Apodemia","level":2,"adultId":"A small orange metalmark with black spots and a gray body; white spots near the forewing tips and a gray-checked fringe.","adultMonths":[5,6,7,8,9],"larvaId":"A gray-purple caterpillar up to 0.7 inch long with tufts of long pale hairs.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8],"hosts":["Havard's Plum (Prunus havardii)"],"nectar":"Flowers near its host, such as buckwheats.","predators":"Spiders and birds.","status":"rare","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.3 inches.","Its caterpillars eat only Havard's Plum.","Until recently it was thought to be part of the Nais Metalmark, which eats a different plant.","It lives only in the Chisos Mountains area of Big Bend."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Chisos Metalmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apodemia"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"3":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}]},"range":"23b 24a 24b 24c 24d 24e","timingIn":"23b 24a 24b 24c 24d 24e","inat":"Apodemia chisosensis","adultImageUrl":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/6300076/medium.jpg","photoCredit":"upupamartin, iNaturalist (CC BY-NC-ND)"},{"id":"two-barred-flasher","name":"Two-barred Flasher","scientific":"Telegonus fulgerator","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Astraptes_fulgerator","level":2,"adultId":"A big dark brown skipper with a bright iridescent blue body and wing bases, and two white bars across the forewing.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaId":"A black caterpillar up to 2 inches long with bold yellow bands, red sides and an orange-brown hairy head.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"hosts":["Coyotillo (Karwinskia humboldtiana)"],"nectar":"Mistflower, lantana and other Valley flowers.","predators":"Birds.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 2.4 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Coyotillo.","Its blue body flashes as it flies, which gives the flashers their name.","DNA studies showed that what was called one species is really a group of look-alike species with different host plants."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Two-barred Flasher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astraptes_fulgerator"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Astraptes fulgerator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astraptes_fulgerator"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Astraptes fulgerator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astraptes_fulgerator"}]},"range":"STX RGV","timingIn":"STX RGV","inat":"Telegonus fulgerator"},{"id":"turks-cap-white-skipper","name":"Turk's-cap White-Skipper","scientific":"Heliopetes macaira","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Heliopetes_macaira","level":2,"adultId":"A white skipper with brown edges and checks on top; underneath, the hindwing is white with tan-brown patches and spots.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaId":"A pale whitish-green, fuzzy caterpillar up to 0.9 inch long with a dark brown head.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"hosts":["Turk's Cap (Malvaviscus arboreus var. drummondii)"],"nectar":"Mistflower and other small flowers.","predators":"Birds and spiders.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.4 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Turk's Cap.","It is named for its host plant, Turk's Cap.","It hides by day in the shade of thickets."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Heliopetes macaira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliopetes_macaira"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Heliopetes macaira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliopetes_macaira"}]},"range":"SCP STX RGV","timingIn":"SCP STX RGV"},{"id":"brown-banded-skipper","name":"Brown-banded Skipper","scientific":"Timochares ruptifasciata","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Timochares_ruptifasciata","level":2,"adultId":"An orange-brown skipper with broken bands of darker brown across all four wings.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaId":"A pale green caterpillar up to 1 inch long with a white-and-black head.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"hosts":["Barbados Cherry (Malpighia glabra)"],"nectar":"Small Valley flowers.","predators":"Birds and spiders.","status":"rare","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.7 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Barbados Cherry.","Its broken brown bands give it its name.","It reaches the U.S. only in the Rio Grande Valley."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Timochares ruptifasciata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timochares_ruptifasciata"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Timochares ruptifasciata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timochares_ruptifasciata"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Timochares ruptifasciata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timochares_ruptifasciata"}]},"range":"RGV","timingIn":"RGV"},{"id":"white-patched-skipper","name":"White-patched Skipper","scientific":"Chiothion georgina","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Chiomara_georgina","level":2,"adultId":"A small skipper mottled black, gray and brown, with a big white patch in the middle of each hindwing.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaId":"A green caterpillar up to 1 inch long with pale lines and a small orange-brown head.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"hosts":["Barbados Cherry (Malpighia glabra)"],"nectar":"Mistflower and other Valley flowers.","predators":"Birds and spiders.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.5 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Barbados Cherry.","It is also called Chiomara georgina.","The big white patches on its hindwings give it its name."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: White-patched Skipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiomara_georgina"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University 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beargrass.","predators":"Spiders and birds.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.3 inches.","Its caterpillars eat the flower buds of Texas Sacahuista (beargrass).","It rarely strays far from beargrass, so finding the plant is the best way to find it."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Callophrys mcfarlandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callophrys_mcfarlandi"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University 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spiders.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 2.3 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Tornillo.","Its winter form has a pointed tail on the hindwing; the summer form has none.","It is also called Pyrisitia proterpia."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Eurema proterpia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurema_proterpia"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Eurema proterpia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurema_proterpia"}],"3":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}]},"range":"SCP LAGUNA RGV 31c 31d","timingIn":"SCP LAGUNA RGV 31c 31d"},{"id":"blue-metalmark","name":"Blue Metalmark","scientific":"Lasaia peninsularis","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Lasaia","level":2,"adultId":"A small metalmark; males are shimmering blue-gray with rows of dark dashes, females are duller gray-brown.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaId":"A grayish, hairy caterpillar up to 1.4 inches long, tufted at the head end.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"hosts":["Tornillo (Prosopis reptans)"],"nectar":"Mistflower and other small Valley flowers.","predators":"Birds and spiders.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.3 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Tornillo.","It was long called Lasaia sula; the Texas population is now Lasaia peninsularis.","It reaches the U.S. only in the Rio Grande Valley."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Blue Metalmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasaia"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":{"label":"iNaturalist: Lasaia peninsularis","url":"https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/1559377"},"3":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}]},"range":"RGV","timingIn":"RGV","inat":"Lasaia peninsularis"},{"id":"silver-spotted-skipper","name":"Silver-spotted Skipper","scientific":"Epargyreus clarus","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Epargyreus_clarus","level":2,"adultId":"A large brown skipper with gold spots across the forewing and a bright silver-white patch in the middle of the hindwing underneath.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"larvaId":"A yellow-green caterpillar up to 2 inches long with fine dark crosslines, a narrow \"neck\" and a big reddish-brown head with two orange eyespots.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"hosts":["False Indigo Bush (Amorpha fruticosa)"],"nectar":"Many flowers, but rarely yellow ones; milkweeds, thistles and buttonbush.","predators":"Birds.","status":"common","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 2.6 inches.","Its caterpillars eat False Indigo Bush and other pea-family plants.","The bright silver patch under its hindwing gives it its name.","Its caterpillar folds a leaf into a shelter and flicks its droppings far away."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Epargyreus clarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epargyreus_clarus"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Epargyreus clarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epargyreus_clarus"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Epargyreus clarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epargyreus_clarus"}]},"range":"PINEY CP SCP MARSH BLACK POST CROSS EDW STX ROLL HIGH 23b 24b 24c 24d 24e 24f","timingIn":"PINEY CP SCP MARSH BLACK POST CROSS EDW STX ROLL HIGH 23b 24b 24c 24d 24e 24f"},{"id":"mexican-yellow","name":"Mexican Yellow","scientific":"Eurema mexicana","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Eurema_mexicana","level":2,"adultId":"A pale yellow-white sulphur with a black forewing border shaped like a dog's head, and a short pointed tail on the hindwing.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaId":"A slender green caterpillar up to 1.2 inches long with a white-and-yellow line along each side.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"hosts":["Fern Acacia (Acaciella angustissima)"],"nectar":"Many small flowers.","predators":"Birds and spiders.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 2.5 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Fern Acacia.","The black border on its forewing is shaped like a dog's head, like the Southern Dogface's.","It is a Mexican butterfly that moves north into West and Central Texas in summer."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Eurema mexicana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurema_mexicana"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Eurema mexicana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurema_mexicana"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Eurema mexicana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurema_mexicana"}]},"range":"CROSS EDW STX ROLL HIGH 23b 24a 24b 24c 24d 24e 24f","timingIn":"CROSS EDW STX ROLL HIGH 23b 24a 24b 24c 24d 24e 24f"},{"id":"acacia-skipper","name":"Acacia Skipper","scientific":"Cogia hippalus","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Cogia_hippalus","level":2,"adultId":"A plain brown skipper with a few small glassy spots on the forewing and a white fringe on the hindwing.","adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9],"larvaId":"A pale yellow-green caterpillar up to 1.3 inches long with pale stripes and a big dark reddish-brown head.","larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8,9],"hosts":["Fern Acacia (Acaciella angustissima)"],"nectar":"Small flowers near its host.","predators":"Birds and spiders.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.9 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Fern Acacia.","It is named for its host plant, Fern Acacia.","In the U.S. it lives only in the Southwest, from West Texas to Arizona."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Cogia hippalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogia_hippalus"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Cogia hippalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogia_hippalus"}]},"range":"EDW 23b 24a 24b 24c 24d 24e 24f","timingIn":"EDW 23b 24a 24b 24c 24d 24e 24f"},{"id":"laceys-scrub-hairstreak","name":"Lacey's Scrub-Hairstreak","scientific":"Strymon alea","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Strymon_alea","level":2,"adultId":"A small gray hairstreak with a tail; underneath, pale gray with a jagged white-edged line and an orange-capped black spot near the tail.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaId":"A small, slug-shaped caterpillar up to 0.5 inch long, pinkish and mottled with dark green.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"hosts":["Mouse's Eye (Bernardia myricifolia)"],"nectar":"Mistflowers and other small flowers.","predators":"Spiders and birds.","status":"rare","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.1 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Mouse's Eye (Bernardia).","It rarely strays far from its host shrub.","In the U.S. it is found mainly in Central, South and West Texas."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Strymon alea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strymon_alea"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Strymon alea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strymon_alea"}]},"range":"EDW STX RGV 23b 24a 24b 24c 24d 24e","timingIn":"EDW STX RGV 23b 24a 24b 24c 24d 24e"},{"id":"mexican-bluewing","name":"Mexican Bluewing","scientific":"Myscelia ethusa","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Myscelia_ethusa","level":2,"adultId":"A dark butterfly with rows of shining blue bands and white spots near the wing tips; underneath, mottled gray-brown like bark.","adultMonths":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaId":"A green caterpillar up to 1.4 inches long with branched spines and two long spiny horns on its brown head.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"hosts":["Vasey's Adelia (Adelia vaseyi)"],"nectar":"Rotting fruit and sap, not flowers.","predators":"Birds and lizards.","status":"rare","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 3 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Vasey's Adelia.","It rests on tree trunks with its wings closed, where its bark-colored underside hides it.","It reaches the U.S. only in the Rio Grande Valley."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Myscelia ethusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myscelia_ethusa"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Myscelia ethusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myscelia_ethusa"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Myscelia ethusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myscelia_ethusa"}]},"range":"RGV","timingIn":"RGV"},{"id":"western-pygmy-blue","name":"Western Pygmy-Blue","scientific":"Brephidium exilis","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Western_pygmy_blue","level":2,"adultId":"A tiny copper-brown butterfly with blue at the base of the wings; underneath, the hindwing has a row of black eyespots ringed with shiny blue along the edge.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaId":"A tiny green caterpillar up to 0.4 inch long, covered in small bumps.","larvaMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"hosts":["Four-wing Saltbush (Atriplex canescens)","Dwarf Saltwort (Salicornia bigelovii)"],"nectar":"Small flowers near saltbushes.","predators":"Spiders.","status":"common","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 0.8 inch.","Its caterpillars eat Four-wing Saltbush and other saltbushes.","It is one of the smallest butterflies in the world.","It is the western cousin of the Eastern Pygmy-Blue of Gulf salt marshes."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Western Pygmy-Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_pygmy_blue"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Western pygmy blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_pygmy_blue"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Western pygmy blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_pygmy_blue"}]},"range":"SCP MARSH LAGUNA ROLL HIGH 23b 24a 24b 24c 24d 24e 24f 30d 31b 34d","timingIn":"SCP MARSH LAGUNA ROLL HIGH 23b 24a 24b 24c 24d 24e 24f 30d 31b 34d","inat":"Brephidium exilis"},{"id":"saltbush-sootywing","name":"Saltbush Sootywing","scientific":"Staphylus alpheus","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Hesperopsis_alpheus","level":2,"adultId":"A small sooty-black skipper checkered with gray, with a few tiny white spots near the forewing tip and a checkered fringe.","adultMonths":[4,5,6,7,8,9],"larvaId":"A gray-green caterpillar up to 0.9 inch long with a black head.","larvaMonths":[5,6,7,8,9],"hosts":["Four-wing Saltbush (Atriplex canescens)"],"nectar":"Small flowers near saltbushes.","predators":"Birds and spiders.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.3 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Four-wing Saltbush.","It is also called Hesperopsis alpheus.","Its caterpillar hides in a shelter of folded saltbush leaves."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Saltbush Sootywing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperopsis_alpheus"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":{"label":"iNaturalist: Staphylus alpheus","url":"https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/1628514"},"3":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}]},"range":"ROLL HIGH 23b 24a 24b 24c 24d 24e 24f","timingIn":"ROLL HIGH 23b 24a 24b 24c 24d 24e 24f","inat":"Staphylus alpheus"},{"id":"big-bend-scrub-hairstreak","name":"Big Bend Scrub-Hairstreak","scientific":"Strymon solitario","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Strymon","level":2,"adultId":"A small pale gray hairstreak with a tail; underneath, a thin line of orange-and-white dashes crosses both wings.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9],"larvaId":"A pale caterpillar up to 0.6 inch long that can be cream, green or pink to match its host.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8],"hosts":["Texas False Agave (Hechtia texensis)"],"nectar":"Small desert flowers.","predators":"Spiders and birds.","status":"rare","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.2 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Texas False Agave (Hechtia).","Until recently it was thought to be the same species as the Bromeliad Scrub-Hairstreak.","In the U.S. it lives only in the Big Bend region."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Big Bend Scrub-Hairstreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strymon"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"3":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}]},"range":"23b 24a 24b 24c 24d 24e","timingIn":"23b 24a 24b 24c 24d 24e","inat":"Strymon solitario","adultImageUrl":"https://inaturalist-open-data.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/12061297/medium.jpeg","photoCredit":"Robby Deans, iNaturalist (CC BY-NC)"},{"id":"rounded-metalmark","name":"Rounded Metalmark","scientific":"Calephelis perditalis","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Calephelis_perditalis","level":2,"adultId":"A tiny rusty-brown metalmark with rounded wings, crossed by fine dark wavy lines and two thin metallic silver lines near the edge.","adultMonths":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"larvaId":"A small pale caterpillar up to 0.5 inch long covered in long white hairs.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"hosts":["Fragrant Mistflower (Chromolaena odorata)"],"nectar":"Mistflowers and other small flowers.","predators":"Spiders.","status":"common","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 0.9 inch.","Its caterpillars eat Fragrant Mistflower.","Its wings are more rounded than other metalmarks'.","It rests under leaves with its wings spread flat."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Calephelis perditalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calephelis_perditalis"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Calephelis perditalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calephelis_perditalis"}],"3":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Calephelis perditalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calephelis_perditalis"}]},"range":"LAGUNA RGV 31c 31d","timingIn":"LAGUNA RGV 31c 31d"},{"id":"rawsons-metalmark","name":"Rawson's Metalmark","scientific":"Calephelis rawsoni","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Calephelis_rawsoni","level":2,"adultId":"A small rusty-orange metalmark checkered with black and crossed by two thin metallic silver lines.","adultMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11],"larvaId":"A small pale caterpillar up to 0.5 inch long with long white hairs and a row of orange dots.","larvaMonths":[3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10],"hosts":["Shrubby Boneset (Ageratina havanensis)"],"nectar":"Small flowers near its host, such as zexmenia.","predators":"Spiders.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 1.1 inches.","Its caterpillars eat Shrubby Boneset.","It lives in shady limestone canyons where Shrubby Boneset grows.","Several Texas metalmarks look nearly alike; the host plant is the best clue."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Calephelis rawsoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calephelis_rawsoni"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"3":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}]},"range":"EDW 24c 24d 31a 31b","timingIn":"EDW 24c 24d 31a 31b"},{"id":"yucca-giant-skipper","name":"Yucca Giant-Skipper","scientific":"Megathymus yuccae","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Megathymus_yuccae","level":2,"adultId":"A big, heavy-bodied black-brown skipper with yellow bands on the forewings and a yellow edge on the hindwing.","adultMonths":[2,3,4,5],"larvaId":"A fat white grub-like caterpillar up to 2.6 inches long that lives inside yucca roots.","larvaMonths":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"hosts":["Twistleaf Yucca (Yucca rupicola)","Spanish Dagger (Yucca treculiana)","Torrey Yucca (Yucca torreyi)","Soapweed Yucca (Yucca glauca)"],"nectar":"Adults do not feed.","predators":"Birds; the caterpillar is safe inside the yucca.","status":"uncommon","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 3.1 inches.","Its caterpillars bore into the roots of yuccas such as Twistleaf Yucca.","Adults do not eat at all.","Its caterpillar covers its hole with a tent of silk and yucca fibers."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Megathymus yuccae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megathymus_yuccae"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Megathymus yuccae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megathymus_yuccae"}],"3":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}]},"range":"EDW STX RGV HIGH TRANS 27h 27i 29e 29f","timingIn":"EDW STX RGV HIGH TRANS 27h 27i 29e 29f"},{"id":"streckers-giant-skipper","name":"Strecker's Giant-Skipper","scientific":"Megathymus streckeri","kind":"butterfly","wiki":"Megathymus_streckeri","level":2,"adultId":"A big, heavy-bodied brown skipper with yellow-orange spots on the forewings and white spots under the hindwing.","adultMonths":[5,6,7],"larvaId":"A fat cream-colored grub-like caterpillar up to 2.6 inches long that lives inside yucca roots.","larvaMonths":[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12],"hosts":["Twistleaf Yucca (Yucca rupicola)","Spanish Dagger (Yucca treculiana)","Torrey Yucca (Yucca torreyi)","Soapweed Yucca (Yucca glauca)"],"nectar":"Adults do not feed.","predators":"Birds; the caterpillar is safe inside the yucca.","status":"rare","facts":["Its wingspan is up to 3.1 inches.","Its caterpillars bore into the roots of yuccas such as Twistleaf Yucca.","Adults do not eat; males perch on hilltops waiting for females.","Its caterpillar spends almost a year inside a yucca root before it becomes a butterfly."],"refs":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Megathymus streckeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megathymus_streckeri"},{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"factRefs":{"0":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"1":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: A Field Guide (Texas A&M University Press)","url":"https://www.tamupress.com/?s=native+host+plants+for+texas+butterflies"}],"2":[{"label":"Wikipedia: Megathymus streckeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megathymus_streckeri"}],"3":[{"label":"Weber, Weber & Wauer: Native Host Plants for Texas Butterflies: 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